Factors Leading to Endometritis in Dairy Cows in Egypt with Special Reference to Reproductive Performance (original) (raw)
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Definitions and diagnosis of postpartum endometritis in dairy cows
2010
The objectives of this observational study were to determine and compare diagnostic criteria for postpartum endometritis in dairy cows. Data generated from 1,044 Holstein cows (6 herds) enrolled in a randomized clinical trial were used. Cows were examined for endometritis at 35 ± 3 d (exam 1) and 56 ± 3 d (exam 2) after parturition, using endometrial cytology (cytobrush technique), vaginal discharge scoring (Metricheck device; Simcrotech, Hamilton, New Zealand), and cervical diameter measurement (transrectal palpation). Reproductive data were recorded until 200 d after parturition. Diagnostic criteria for cytological and clinical endometritis were determined based on detrimental effect on subsequent reproductive performance, using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models accounting for the effect of herd clustering. Comparison of diagnostic criteria was performed using endometrial cytology as reference test or by quantifying the agreement between diagnostic approaches. At exam 1, diagnostic criteria were ≥6% polymorphonuclear cells and mucopurulent or worse (purulent or foul) vaginal discharge for cytological and clinical endometritis, respectively. At exam 2, diagnostic criteria were ≥4% polymorphonuclear cells and mucopurulent or worse vaginal discharge for cytological and clinical endometritis, respectively. Cows were classified as having cytological endometritis only, clinical endometritis only, or both cytological and clinical endometritis. Prevalence at exam 1 was 13.5, 9.4, and 5.8% for cytological endometritis only, clinical endometritis only, and both cytological and clinical endometritis, respectively. The detrimental effects of cytological and clinical endometritis on reproductive performance were additive. Among cows with clinical endometritis, only 38 and 36% had cytological endometritis at exam 1 and exam 2, respectively. Combination of diagnostic criteria improved neither the accuracy for predicting cytological endometritis nor the agreement between cytological and clinical endometritis. Overall, these results suggested that cytological and clinical endometritis may represent different manifestations of reproductive tract disease. They also suggested that use of the terminology clinical endometritis may not be accurate and that purulent vaginal discharge may be more descriptive.
Occurrence of Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle and Effect on Reproductive Efficiency
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2018
Background: Subclinical endometritis (SE) have a negative impact on fertility due to an absence of clinical signs which difficult its diagnosis and treatment. The prevalence and impact of the disease on the reproductive status of dairy herds is not known in the region, the objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the disease and its effect on the reproductive efficiency in cows of the dairy area from Putumayo State, Colombia.Materials, Methods & Results: Cross-sectional study was made of 166 dairy cows from 30 days postpartum in the municipalities: Santiago, Sibundoy, Colon, and San Francisco. Reproductive evaluation and endometrial cytology were made to establish the SE prevalence determining subsequently the number of open days. Cow whit more than 120 days in milk (DIM) and without confirmed pregnancy was defined as “not reproductive efficiency”. Association between SE and reproductive efficiency was established through Odds Ratio from contingency tables. ...
Theriogenology, 2010
It has been stated that postpartum endometritis in dairy cows has a tendency to cure without intervention. The objectives of this field study, therefore, were to determine the proportions of cows with spontaneous clinical recovery or persistence of postpartum endometritis and to determine some risk factors for its persistency in dairy cows (Bos taurus). Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 441 lactations) from seven dairy herds were examined monthly by vaginoscopy and transrectal palpation. A cow was considered to have ''postpartum endometritis'' if it had pus in the cervico-vaginal discharge at the first postpartum examination during Days 15 to 60 (Day 0 = day of calving); this was classified as mild, mucopurulent, or purulent endometritis, or endometritis with fluid in uterus. Furthermore, a cow with evidence of endometritis at least once during Days 61 to 150 was considered to have ''persistence (or recurrence) of endometritis.'' A total of 104 (23.6%) lactations had postpartum endometritis, of which 25.3% had persistence or recurrence of clinical endometritis. Cows with persistence or recurrence of endometritis became pregnant at a slower rate (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.28; P < 0.001) than those with no endometritis until Day 150. Calving in summer (odds ratio [OR] = 7.00; P = 0.04), early postpartum complications (OR = 6.58; P = 0.05), moderate (OR = 4.03; P = 0.08) and severe (OR = 30.99; P = 004) degrees of urovagina, and mucopurulent (OR = 9.54; P = 0.02) and purulent (OR = 5.70; P = 0.04) endometritis were risk factors for the persistence or recurrence of endometritis. Furthermore, 10.6% of cows that had not shown signs of postpartum endometritis had a new diagnosis of endometritis during Days 61 to 150. Some risk factors for the new diagnosis of endometritis beyond Day 60 were early postpartum complications (OR = 2.82; P = 0.03) and moderate (OR = 5.00; P = 0.001) or severe (OR = 12.63; P < 0.001) degrees of urovagina. In conclusion, approximately one quarter of cows with postpartum endometritis had persistence of endometritis until or beyond the breeding period. Risk factors for the persistence of clinical endometritis were summer calving, early postpartum complications, clinically relevant urovagina, and clinically relevant endometritis within 2 mo postpartum. #
Clinical endometritis in an Argentinean herd of dairy cows: risk factors and reproductive efficiency
Journal of dairy science, 2013
The objectives of this study were to assess the clinical and metabolic risk factors for clinical endometritis, the likelihood for having a normal vaginal discharge during postpartum, and the effects of endometritis on milk yield, reproductive efficiency, and metabolic status in Holstein cows. The study was conducted in a commercial dairy herd (Cordoba, Argentina) where 303 Holstein cows were enrolled. Cows were body condition scored (1 to 5) and tail bled on -14, 7, 21, 31, 41, and 50 d relative to parturition. Cows having a vaginal discharge with presence of pus between 21 and 41 d postpartum (dpp) were diagnosed as having clinical endometritis. Plasma blood samples were analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and blood urea nitrogen using commercial kits and insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin, and leptin by RIA. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED, PROC GENMOD, and PROC PHREG of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Abnormal calving and puerperal m...
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of subclinical endometritis (SE) on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Ninety-four dairy cows of parity 1 to 8, distributed in 25 herds, were examined once between 30 and 45 days in milk using transrectal palpation, vaginoscopy and ultrasonography. A cytological sample of the endometrium was taken only from cows with an apparent healthy uterus (n=65). Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, total proteins, albumin, urea and hepatic enzymes were analyzed. Reproductive indexes were recorded during the next 11 months. Endometrial cytology was considered indicative of SE if percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was superior to 5% of all cells present in the smear, except erythrocytes. Results indicated that 14.9% of the cows sampled for uterine cytology had SE, and that healthy cows become pregnant significantly before than those with SE (hazard ratio=2.35; 95% confidece interval: 1.05-5.3). From all the metabolic and productive variables analyzed, only triglycerides affected negatively to reproduction; serum albumin concentration, body condition score and milk production had positive effects on the reproductive performance. In conclusion, our results indicate that SE has a negative impact on reproductive performance and uterine cytology is necessary to diagnose it since almost 15% of the affected animals were not detected by other diagnosis methods. Additional key words: subclinical endometritis; dairy cattle; ultrasound; endometrial cytology. Abbreviations used: ALAT (alanine transaminase); ASAT (aspartate aminotransferase); BCS (body condition score); BHB (beta-hydroxy butyrate); CI (confidence interval); HR (hazard ratio); NEB (negative energy balance); NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid); PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophil); S/C (services per conception); TAG (triglycerides); US (transrectal ultrasonography).
Prevalence of Endometritis in Crossbred cows at District Lahore, Pakistan
Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences, 2020
ABSTRACT: Endometritis is causing great economic losses every year not only because of medication but also because of prolonged and increased calving period. The studies on prevalence / incidence are scarce which otherwise are essentially required to develop different control and treatment strategies. The objectives of this study was to determine incidence / prevalence of endometritis with regards to milking status and Month / Season wise in crossbred cows. The study was conducted on the crossbred cows belonging to four dairy farms located at Lahore and surrounding areas. Young stock cows fit for breeding (2-4 years old), adult milking cows and adult non milking (dry) cows were three understudy groups. Four hundred animals of each group were examined every month for a period of one year. Endometritis cases were identified through clinical signs (Less pregnancy rate / infertility, loss of appetite, depression, dehydration, vaginal discharge and dullness), Vaginal/uterine swab, colour...
Prevalence of Subclinical Endometritisand its Effect on Pregnancy in Crossbred Dairy Cows in Gondar
2012
A cross sectional study was conducted on Cross breed dairy cows at small, medium and large farm scales based on questionnaire survey and regular follow up in and around Gondar town from October 2011 to April 2012. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of subclinical endometritis in clinically normal postpartum dairy cows and to measure the effect of subclinical endometritis on Pregnancy. Apparently healthy 3 trimester pregnant cows were selected based on the absence of abnormal vaginal and uterine rd discharges through taking history from owners and external inspection. The reproductive tract of selected cows was examined by rectal palpation and Subclinical endometritis was diagnosed by endometrial cytology using uterine lavage on postpartum dairy cows from 30-60 days. The current study revealed that the overall prevalence of subclinical endometritis with ≥5 neutrophil on endometrial cytology was 68.3%. The prevalence of subclinical endometritis in pregnant h...
Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 2013
To determine the impact of cytologically determined endometritis (CE) diagnosed according to three different cytological thresholds in the 4th and 6th week postpartum (p. p.) on the subsequent reproductive performance in dairy cows. Dairy cows (n = 222) were clinically examined in the 4th week (Exam I) and in the 6th week (Exam II) p. p. and endometrium samples were collected for cytological examination using the cytobrush method. Three cytological thresholds (percent of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to epithelial cells) were used for categorization of cows: 1) > 18% at Exam I and > 10% at Exam II; 2) > 8% at Exams I and II; 3) > 5% at Exams I and II. The animals were categorized as endometritis positive (CE+) or negative (CE-) according to all cytological thresholds at Exams I and II. For all six experimental groups the following reproductive parameters were calculated: first insemination pregnancy rate, number of services per conception, intercalving period, and total p...
Risk factors for clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cattle
Theriogenology, 2010
Bacterial contamination of the uterine lumen after parturition occurs in most dairy cattle. The presence of clinical endometritis beyond three weeks post partum depends on the balance between microbes, host immunity, and other environmental or animal factors. The present study tested the hypothesis that clinical endometritis is associated with animal factors, such as retained fetal membranes, assisted calving and twins, as well as fecal contamination of the environment. The association between selected risk factors and the lactational incidence risk of clinical endometritis was examined in 293 animals from four dairy herds. Multivariate analysis was used to identify risk factors and quantify their relative risk (RR) and population attributable fraction (PAF) based on the proportion of cows exposed to each factor. The lactational incidence of clinical endometritis was 27% and significant risk factors for clinical endometritis were retained fetal membranes (RR = 3.6), assisted calving (RR = 1.7), stillbirth (RR = 3.1), vulval angle (RR = 1.3), primparity (RR = 1.8), and male offspring (RR = 1.5) but not the cleanliness of the environment or the animal. The highest PAF was associated with male offspring (0.6) so the use of sexed semen has the greatest potential to reduce the incidence of clinical endometritis. The dominant association between retained fetal membranes and clinical endometritis was supported by an expert panel of clinicians. The risk factors for clinical endometritis appear to be associated with trauma of the female genital tract and disruption of the physical barriers to infection rather than fecal contamination. #
The effect of treatment of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows
Journal of dairy science, 2002
The objective of this field trial was to compare the effect of intrauterine (i.u.) antibiotic or intramuscular (i.m.) prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on time to pregnancy in dairy cows diagnosed with clinical endometritis between 20 and 33 days in milk (DIM). The case definition of endometritis was the presence of purulent uterine discharge or cervical diameter > 7.5 cm, or the presence of muco-purulent discharge after 26 DIM. There were 316 cows with endometritis from 27 farms assigned randomly within herd to receive 500 mg of cephapirin benzathine intrauterine (i.u.), 500 micrograms of cloprostenol i.m., or no treatment. The rate of resolution of clinical signs 14 d after treatment was 77% and was not affected by treatment. Reproductive performance was monitored for a minimum of 7 mo after treatment. Survival analysis (multivariable proportional hazards regression) was used to measure the effect of treatment on time to pregnancy. There was no benefit of treatment of endomet...