A Practical Scheme to Involve Degradation Cost of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Vehicle-to-Grid Applications (original) (raw)
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VPPC slides: EV charge optimization w battery degradation
Prolong life of existing EV, HEV, PHEV batteries • Reduce battery size and cost -Enable smaller batteries to meet energy capacity and power specs at end-of-life 2 • Improve planning for -Grid operators -Smart-grid operators • Reduce total cost to consumer CoPEC Proposed Charging System Overview Battery charge optimizer w/ Li-ion lifetime model P(t), SOC(t) Power command & SOC info. e(t) Future electricity price EV/PHEV 120/208/240 V AC~3 00 V DC Battery charger Utility Control Center or EV/Microgrid Aggregator Electric Utility 3 • Optimizer minimizes total cost c tot to charge battery: including estimated cost of battery degradation, c bd and cost of energy, c kWh • Electricity price can be constant or time-varying (TOU), and static or dynamic • Power flow can be bi-directional (V2G)
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A universally valid battery wear is assessed and modeled in a quantitative manner. An optimal charging scheme is proposed utilizing the developed battery wear. The economics of a battery-oriented service is assessed for various battery costs. The break-even battery price is obtained from the proposed wear model. An efficient method of customizing the wear model for various batteries is proposed.
Electric Vehicle Technology Battery Management -Review
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 2023
In a day today life there is a tremendous development in Electric vehicle technology. Amount of energy stored in EVT vehicle is one of the important issues regarding it. Energy density is the amount of energy that can be stored in a battery per unit of weight or volume. Higher energy density means that an EV can travel further on a single charge, making it more convenient for drivers. The transportation sector is generally thought to be contributing up to 25% of all greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions globally. Hence, reducing the usage of fossil fuels by the introduction of electrified powertrain technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is perceived as a way towards a more sustainable future. When we use IC engine, there is a large amount of pollution, At a time when the fuel prices are rocketing sky high, the daily running cost of a vehicle and its cost of ownership are hitting the roof and there is a dire need to protect our environment, alternative means of transport are few. Electric vehicle are slow expensive with limited range the solution comes in the form of electrical vehicle.
Electric vehicle charge optimization including effects of lithium-ion battery degradation
This paper presents a method for minimizing the cost of electric vehicle (EV) charging given variable electricity costs while also accounting for estimated costs of battery degradation using a simplified lithium-ion battery lifetime model. The simple battery lifetime model, also developed and presented here, estimates both energy capacity fade and power fade due to temperature, state of charge profile, and daily depth of discharge. This model has been validated by comparison with a detailed model [6], which in turn has been validated through comparison to experimental data. The simple model runs quickly in a MATLAB script, allowing for iterative numerical minimization of charge cost. EV charge profiles optimized as described here show a compromise among four trends: charging during low-electricity cost intervals, charging slowly, charging towards the end of the available charge time, and suppression of vehicle-to-grid power exportation. Finally, simulations predict that batteries charged using optimized charging last longer than those charged using typical charging methods, potentially allowing smaller, cheaper batteries to meet vehicle lifetime requirements.
Battery Investigation for Electric Vehicle
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2018
This paper discusses different types of batteries available in market and finding a suitable one for Electric Vehicle (EV). The battery must be chosen in a way to provide maximum efficiency and power while having less load on the battery. The cost should be minimum and the battery should have long life span for customer attraction. This paper puts forward an overview of the battery that should be used in an EV based on the customer requirements that should also be at par with the safety due to growing atmospheric temperature. A rechargeable battery that could power the vehicle as well as the auxiliary systems concerned with it is the main focus of this paper. Increase in global warming pushes the need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy to charge the battery and dissipating the current and power requirements for the vehicle using an efficient battery management system (BMS). This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of using different batteries in an EV.
IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2018
In this paper, battery lifetime estimation of an electric vehicle (EV) using different driving styles on arterial roads integrating recharging scenarios in the neighborhood of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration is studied. The real-world driving cycles from a fleet of connected vehicles are evaluated in an EV model with different charging options. Daily utility services are added to the simulations to explore the whole day performance of the battery and its daily degradation. Fifty driving cycles from different drivers on arterial roads are classified into aggressive, mild and gentle drivers based on their driving acceleration behavior. The standard level 1 and 2 chargers are considered for recharging and the frequency regulation, peak shaving and solar energy storage are assumed for the daily ancillary services. The results indicate that the aggressive driving and recharging behavior have significant effect on the battery life reduction. In addition, the daily utility services impose extra degradation of the battery. Also, the effect of temperature change on the battery degradation is explored. Simulation of active vs. passive thermal management systems in three different climates shows the significant impact of the battery temperature on its capacity fade. Highlights: Modeling Li-ion battery performance and cycle aging Generating daily driving patterns using real-world collected data V2G simulation using real ancillary services data Evaluation of cycle capacity fade in different daily scenarios Exploring the battery degradation in different climates I. INTRODUCTION The transportation sector is moving toward electrification due to the emerging energy and environmental issues [1-3]. Vehicle manufacturers are introducing their hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) versions to overtake and lead in this competitive market [4-6]. One of the key features of all these vehicles is their battery range and lifetime. Because
Charging optimization of battery electric vehicles including cycle battery aging
IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe, 2014
Controlled charging of battery electric vehicles is one instrument of smart grids in order to intelligently use the electricity load generated by electric vehicles (EVs). However, battery constraints as well as effects of the charging processes on the battery should not be neglected. This work elaborates an EV charging model, which optimizes the charging process while considering cycle battery aging effects. Formulated as a quadratic constraint program, it minimizes total charging cost, consisting of charging electricity cost and battery aging cost. Cycle battery aging tests are conducted and used to analyze and model the battery aging behavior. The optimization model is applied to a sample of EVs in Singapore and four different scenarios are evaluated. The resulting battery aging cost accounts for a substantial share of the total charging cost, i.e., between 52% and 93%. Therefore, an inclusion of battery aging into the intelligent controlling of EV charging is crucial.
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2018
In order to democratize electric vehicles, automakers have to give a solution to reduce the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and bring it better than thermal vehicles one. This paper presents results of works on costs improvement of a 3.5t light-duty commercial electric vehicle. TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) was separated into investment costs and operating costs. The batteries of an electric vehicle were the most expensive element of the powertrain, which can represent until 45% of the vehicle price. What's more, contrary to the life of thermal vehicles, electric energy storage systems have a limited life around 5 years, highly dependent on conditions of use. Thus, study of batteries represents a capital step toward TCO improvement. Inspired by literature, battery aging model is proposed and identified by the calendar and cycling aging tests. A multi-physical model of the battery, including aging, was identified and incorporated inside the energetic vehicle model. Charging strategies were developed and adapted to operate according to the influence of the conditions of use. These models and strategies are integrated in a software tool. Taking into account the intended use of the vehicle, this tool, first, designates the most suitable battery solution dimensions, and then, associates the charging strategy to the requirements of use, in order to ensure the best battery life or the lowest TCO.
Electric Vehicles Battery Wear Cost Optimization for Frequency Regulation Support
IEEE Access, 2019
Due to their capacities and quick response, Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries can be used to support a number of power grid services and form a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) system. When aggregated and properly managed EV batteries can provide important ancillary services such as peak load levelling and frequency regulation. EVs can also provide various demand response services and help in renewable energy integration. The major challenge for having a wide-scale V2G system to effectively provide the above services is the availability of power which is limited by the battery degradation and the battery cycle life. The battery cycle life is inversely proportional to the charge/discharge cycles the battery goes through during its operation. Therefore, the charge/discharge operation should be optimized to maximize the benefit for both the EV owners and the grid operator. In this paper, we develop an EV charge/discharge optimization model that incorporates frequency regulation and electricity prices from both real and forecasting models into the objective function of the model. We develop a prediction and optimization model to reflect the effects of dynamic and static electricity and regulation prices on the battery cycle life. We present a case study for the charge/discharge scheduling problem utilizing real, predicted regulation and electricity hourly pricing.
This paper proposes a framework for enabling the reliability-differentiated services in a residential distribution network with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). A reliability-differentiated pricing mechanism is developed to satisfy the different reliability requirements of the customers while encouraging the customers to consume electricity in such a way that the reliability of the overall distribution system can be enhanced. A dynamic spinning reserve pricing scheme is developed to stimulate PHEVs to participate in spinning reserve by providing economic benefits when the state of the distribution system becomes risky. Based on the formulated reliability-differentiated system, a hierarchical game approach is proposed in this paper to coordinate the charging process of PHEVs in a decentralized fashion. At the upper level of the hierarchical game, an evolutionary game is formulated to optimize the management of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capacity of each PHEV. Under the V2G strategies obtained from the evolutionary game, a noncooperative game is formulated at the lower level to coordinate the charging sequences of PHEVs. Various simulation studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical game approach. The simulation results show that the hierarchical game approach is effective in enhancing both reliability of the distribution system and economic profits of the PHEVs.