Evaluation of DMI fungicides against species of Diplodia and Neofusicoccum associated with Botryosphaeria canker of grapevine. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):131-138 (original) (raw)
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Ciencia e investigación agraria, 2013
C. Torres, B.A. Latorre, P. Undurraga, and X. Besoain. 2013. Evaluation of DMI fungicides against species of Diplodia and Neofusicoccum associated with Botryosphaeria canker of grapevine. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):131-138. The Botryosphaeriaceae species have been widely studied and are considered a serious problem to the production of grapes worldwide. To aid in the development of control strategies for these fungi, in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides against Diplodia seriata, D. mutila, Neofusicoccum australe and N. parvum isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Fungicidal effectiveness was evaluated over a range of increasing concentrations using measurements of both the inhibition of conidial germination and the effects on mycelial growth. The effective concentrations (EC) necessary to inhibit conidial germination and mycelial growth by 50% (EC 50 ) and 90% (EC 90 ) were estimated by linear regression analysis between x = log 10 of the fungicidal concentration and y = the Probit value of the inhibition percentage. The results demonstrate that tebuconazole, myclobutanil, prochloraz and prochloraz plus epoxiconazole exhibit considerable in vitro activity against D. mutila, D. seriata, N. australe and N. parvum. These DMI compounds were able to arrest conidial germination and inhibit mycelial growth. The EC 50 values obtained for conidial germination were generally higher than the EC 50 values obtained for mycelial growth, suggesting that mycelia are more sensitive to the DMI compounds than are conidia. However, the effectiveness of these DMI compounds in the vineyard must be studied before any final conclusions can be reached.
Evaluation of Fungicides for the Management of Botryosphaeria Canker of Grapevines
Plant Disease, 2012
Pitt, W. M., Sosnowski, M. R., Huang, R., Qiu, Y., Steel, C. C., and Savocchia, S. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for the management of Botryosphaeria canker of grapevines. Plant Dis. 96:1303-1308.
Evaluation of fungicides for the management of Botryosphaeria dieback diseases of grapevines
Pest Management Science, 2012
BACKGROUND: A range of botryosphaeriaceous species can cause dieback and cankers in grapevines; however, different species most commonly affect the grapevines in different grape-growing regions and countries. They infect through wounds and sporulate on woody stems and green shoots throughout the year, so wound protection is the recommended control strategy. This research evaluated fungicides for their ability to reduce mycelial growth and conidial germination of three botryosphaeriaceous species and to protect pruning wounds against infection.
C. Torres, B.A. Latorre, P. Undurraga, and X. Besoain. 2013. Evaluation of DMI fungicides against species of Diplodia and Neofusicoccum associated with Botryosphaeria canker of grapevine. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):131-138. The Botryosphaeriaceae species have been widely studied and are considered a serious problem to the production of grapes worldwide. To aid in the development of control strategies for these fungi, in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides against Diplodia seriata, D. mutila, Neofusicoccum australe and N. parvum isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Fungicidal effectiveness was evaluated over a range of increasing concentrations using measurements of both the inhibition of conidial germination and the effects on mycelial growth. The effective concentrations (EC) necessary to inhibit conidial germination and mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) were estimated by linear regression analysis b...
Ciencia e investigación agraria, 2007
R.A. Serey, R. Torres, and B.A. Latorre. 2007. Pre-and post-infection activity of new fungicides against Botrytis cinerea and other fungi causing decay of table grapes. Cien. Inv. Agr. 34(3):215-224. Pre-and post-harvest diseases restrict table grape production and exports (Vitis vinifera L.) in Chile, with the most important disease being grey mold (Botrytis cinerea). In addition, rot due to Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer frequently occurs. The pre-and post-infection activity of fungicides against r these pathogens was studied on Thompson Seedless table grapes. Detached, mature, berries were used, and inoculations were performed with 20 μL of a 10 6 spores•mL-1 suspension placed on three punctures aseptically made at the calyx end of each berry. Fungicides used (per liter) were boscalid (600 mg), boscalid (200 mg) + pyraclostrobin (100 mg), boscalid (200 mg) + kresoxim methyl (100 mg), cyprodinil (60 mg) + fl udioxonil (40 mg), BAS 600 KBF (100 mg) + metrafenone (150 mg), BAS 600 KBF (200 mg) + boscalid (300 mg), BAS 600 KBF (100 mg) + pyraclostrobin (100 mg), and captan (400 mg). Each fungicide was applied either by drop (12 μL•berry-1) placed on three punctures made with a sterile hypodermic needle or by 60 s immersion. Berries were then incubated in humid chambers at 20ºC. The pre-infection (protection) activity of the fungicides varied considerably among the pathogens tested and was found to be signifi cant (p < 0.001) and, with one exception (A. niger), it was signifi cantly (p < 0.002) affected by the application method. The interaction between fungicide and application method was only signifi cant (p < 0.001) for R. stolonifer at 48 h post treatment. In general, pre-infection activity gave 0 to 4 days protection after drop applications and 0 to 21 days after immersion treatments. The post-infection (curative) activity varied among pathogens and fungicide treatments. However, it was always below 24 h.
Black Foot of Grapevine : Sensitivity of "Cylindrocarpon destructans" to Fungicides
Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 2006
Black foot disease of grapevine is caused by Cylindrocarpon spp., with C. destructans being the main pathogen isolated from vine cuttings and young vineyards in Portugal. Few recommendations for black foot disease control are presently available, and they are not easy to implement within commercial nurseries. In this study, 14 fungicides were evaluated for their effect on the mycelial growth and conidium germination of four field isolates of C. destructans. Mycelial growth of the pathogen was inhibited by DMI fungicides, prochloraz (EC50 values <0.09 mg l-1) and to a lesser extent by difenoconazole (EC50 values <2.25 mg l-1), by the benzimidazole fungicide benomyl (EC50 values <0.35 mg l-1), and by the mixtures cyprodinil + fludioxonil and carbendazim + flusilazole, which gave EC50 values <0.75 mg l-1. Among these, only cyprodinil + fludioxonil (EC50 values <0.15 mg l-1), the strobilurin fungicides, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin (EC50 values <2.27 mg l-1) and th...
Crop Protection, 2017
The use of several microbial biocontrol agents to combat Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould, has been studied. However, only a few microorganisms have been developed as biofungicides, which are currently used in some countries, mostly in organic farming. The main reason for the limited market uptake of microbial biofungicides is their debated variable efficacy. To cope with poor survival in the canopy, due to unfavourable environmental conditions or their intrinsic lower level of disease control compared to synthetic chemical fungicides, use of a mixture of two or more microorganisms with different environmental requirements and mechanisms of action has been proposed with contrasting results. However, their use in strategies involving calculated timing of the microbial biocontrol agents, taking into consideration their mechanism of action in relation to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease, has never been attempted in relation to combating grey mould on grapes. The results of four years of trials in three locations in Northern and Central Italy show that Trichoderma atroviride, Aureobasidium pullulans and Bacillus subtilis, applied at bunch-closure, veraison and pre-harvest, respectively, controlled B. cinerea on bunches very satisfactorily, and the results did not differ from those obtained with a strategy combining the three biofungicides, applied at the aforementioned stages. Colonisation of berries by each of the different microbial biocontrol agents at harvest time did not differ for individual treatments or when applied in the combined strategy, suggesting that the microorganisms did not negatively interfere with each other and that they may possibly occupy different ecological niches. The high level of efficacy of the tested biocontrol agents against grey mould can be explained with the relatively low-medium level of the disease, their integration with agronomic practices or the optimal timing of the treatment.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 2009
This investigation was undertaken to test different control strategies against Botrytis cinerea vineyards. Two commercial vineyards, “Barbera” and “Moscato,” located in Piedmont (Northern Italy) were divided into seven plots and treated with different combinations of fungicides including fenhexamid, pyrimethanil, fludioxonil + cyprodinil, iprodione, and boscalid, a new carboxamide compound. An integrated strategy including a chemical (pyrimethanil) and a biocontrol agent (Trichoderma spp. t2/4ph1) was also included. At harvest, the percentage of bunches and berries attacked by B. cinerea and the concentration of the chemical fungicides were determined. All the pesticide residues at harvest were below the maximum residue level (MRL), except when two applications of pyrimethanil per season were applied. Boscalid was the most effective active ingredient against B. cinerea among the tested chemicals. When boscalid application was followed by a treatment with pyrimethanil, its efficacy was similar to that shown by two treatments of pyrimethanil. However, this second strategy was not feasible due to the risks of resistance development in the pathogen and to the residue accumulation as indicated by the analysis.
Factors influencing activity of triazole fungicides towards Botrytis cinerea
Crop Protection, 1996
The activity of triazole fungicides towards Botrytis cinerea was investigated in vitro (radial growth on fungicide-amended agar) and in vivo (foliar-sprayed tomato plants and dip-treated grapes). In both tests the benzimidazoles, benomyl and thiabendazole, and the dicarboximides, iprodione and vinclozolin, were used as reference fungicides. In all experiments benomyl and tebuconazole proved to be the most active fungicides. The transfer ratio, which is defined as the ratio between the ECUS (the concentration inhibiting growth by 50%) of a particular fungicide determined in vivo and in vitro, was lowest for benomyl. The transfer ratio of tebuconazole was comparable to or lower than that of vinclozolin. Hence, no obvious correlation between in vitro and in vivo activity was observed. Field rates of tebuconazole recommended for control of B. cinerea are relatively low compared to those of benzimidazoles and dicarboximides. Tomato leaf homogenates and various biological compounds antagonized the activity of triazoles and dicarboximides but did not affect inhibitory potency of benzimidazoles. It is suggested that the factors mentioned account only partly for the limited field performance of triazoles towards B. cinerea .
Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea isolates against some fungicides used in vineyards
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012
During August 2004 and 2005, isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from table and wine grapes in the Trakya region, Turkey. They were tested for sensitivity to cyprodinil+fludioxonil, fenhexamid, procymidone, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole under laboratory conditions. Fungicide sensitivity tests showed that B. cinerea isolates appeared more sensitive to cyprodinil+fludioxonil than to fenhexamid, imazalil, procymidone, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole. Efficacy tests in vivo showed that cyprodinil+fludioxonil and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides (100%) on isolates both resistant and sensitive to these fungicides. No lesion on berries inoculated was observed on the fungicide applied and inoculated fruits. However, imazalil was ineffective, even in commercial concentrations, in controlling gray mold in fruit infection. In addition, fitness of fungicide-resistant isolates compared with that of sensitive isolates was determined through mycelial growth, sporulation and virulence. Analysis of data also indicated significant differences (P=0.05) between fungicide-R and-S isolates in fitness characteristics between the fungicide-R/S isolates.