A Serious Drug Abuser Scale Based on Manhattan Arrestees ( 1987-1991 ) (original) (raw)
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Validity of self-reported cocaine and opiate use among arrestees in five cities
Journal of Criminal Justice, 1995
ABSTRACT Although several researchers have examined the validity of self-reported drug use, few studies have focused on those factors that affect validity. The present investigation uses Drug Use Forecasting data to identify predictors of valid self-reports among arrestees from five cities in the United States. The multivariate results show that factors affecting the misrepresentation of drug use vary by site and by drug category. Explanations for these findings are offered and suggestions for improving the validity of arrestees' self-reports are discussed.
2001
Inspired by the crack cocaine epidemic of the mid-1980s, the United States Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, legislation that provided harsh new penalties for violations involving crack cocaine. Penalties for violations involving powder cocaine, however, were not altered proportionally. This is a curious distinction given the similarities between crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride, the powder form of the drug from which crack is derived. To date, only a limited body of scholarly research has examined the relationship between race and the preference for crack versus powder cocaine. In the present study, we explore this relationship with a sample of 1,438 adult New York arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program in 1997. While a moderate relationship between race and cocaine use is discerned, logistic regression analyses identify a stronger association between gender and the use of crack cocaine. Legal and social implications are assessed in light of the current findings.
Consistency in Self-Reports of Drug Use Frequency by High-Risk Offenders Over a 5-Year Interval
The Prison Journal, 2013
Self-reports of drug use by high-risk offenders interviewed on two occasions were compared to determine the extent to which the reports were consistent at the two interview points. Self-reports of frequency of drug use over the same 12-month period were compared among parolees (N = 380) who had participated in prison drug treatment and who were interviewed at 1 and 5 years following prison release. The kappa coefficient was .31 (p < .001), generally considered a fair level of agreement. Total concordance in retrospective recall of primary drug use frequency was 54.5%.
Self-Reported Alcohol Use and Abuse by Arrestees in the 1998 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program
Alcohol Research Health the Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2001
Data collected in the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program on alcohol and other drug use among arrestees provide a valuable opportunity to examine the relationship between alcohol use and violence. The data are used to explore the combined use of alcohol and other drugs among offenders and the relationships between substance use and the offenders' demographic characteristics and offenses. These findings are used to identify changes in the offenders' alcohol and other drug use over time. KEY WORDS: AODR (alcohol or other drug [AOD] related) crime; arrest; offender; AODR violence; self-report; AOD abuse; demographic characteristics; gender differences; ethnic differences; age differences A lthough alcohol is legally available to adults age 21 and older and is the most widely used drug in the United States, the relationship between alcohol use and crime is the focus of less criminal justice research and receives less public attention compared with the research and attention devoted to the links between illicit drug use and crime. This article examines data collected from arrestees concerning their alcohol and other drug use prior to their offenses and explores the relationships among alcohol use, illicit drug use, arrestee characteristics, and charges filed at arrest as well as the implications of these findings. Since the mid-1980s, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) has tracked drug use by the persons arrested (i.e., detained by police) and booked (i.e., taken to central police facility for a preliminary judicial hearing) in the United States through its Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) system. In 1995 the survey instrument was modified and expanded. In 1998 the system was renamed the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program and increased from 24 to 35 cities with improved sampling procedures. Although the ADAM program contin ues to focus primarily on illicit drug use-including types of drugs used by arrestees, self-reported dependence, and the relationship between drug use and certain types of offensesself-reported alcohol-use information is also collected. Such data allow researchers to examine the association between recent alcohol consumption and intoxication (both alone and in combination with other drugs) and arrests for various types of crimes. This article explores those associations.
A multilevel analysis of the effect of cocaine price on cocaine use among arrestees
Using data drawn from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, from the Drug Enforcement Administration's System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence, and from the 1990 Census, this study examined whether an arrestee's probability of testing positive for cocaine use varied across aggregate levels of cocaine price. Results from a Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling analysis revealed that in cities where the price of cocaine was relatively high, arrestees had a lower probability of testing positive for cocaine use. Specifically, a 10 percent increase in the price of cocaine was associated with a 3 percent decrease in the odds that an arrestee would test positive for cocaine use. Findings also showed that individuals arrested for incomegenerating crimes did not have a higher probability of testing positive for cocaine when the price of cocaine was relatively high. Thus, it appeared that higher cocaine prices were not inducing users to amplify their criminal activity in order to finance a more costly drug addiction. Finally, results failed to furnish support for the hypothesis that individuals substituted opiates or marijuana when cocaine became more expensive.
Cureus, 2022
Background and objectives In recent years, there has been an increase in the US imprisonment rate. A substantial percentage of those incarcerations are for drug-related offenses. The authors investigated the relationship between the pattern of substance use and drug-related offenses across a broad spectrum of various sociodemographic attributes of the incarcerated population in the United States. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates conducted by the Bureau of Judicial Statistics were extracted with inmates who reported possession of a drug at the time of arrest as a primary outcome of interest. Using SAS 9.4 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA), the authors used multivariate analyses to determine the odds ratios between various sociodemographic attributes of the inmates and possession of substance at the time of the arrest. Logistic regression analysis for age groups in relation to substance possession at the time of arrest is presented in the form of an adjusted odds ratio and their respective confidence interval at p ≤0.5. Results Out of the total 23,798 inmates who reported possession of a drug at the time of arrest, 34.07% were Non-Hispanic Whites, and 31.5% were within the age group of 25-34 years. Only 59.47% of inmates were employed 30 days before the arrest, and 58.02% had less than a high school education. Different patterns of drug use were linked with different types of drugs found in their possession at the time of the arrest. Possession of cannabis at the time of arrest was highest in the age group 18-24 years compared to other age groups (odds ratio: 1.362; 95% CI: 1.159-1.602). Inmates with a history of stimulant or hypnotic use were more likely to have another psychoactive substance during a time of the arrest. Only 8.46% of inmates had psychiatric and psychological treatment as part of their sentence. Conclusions A large proportion of incarcerations in the US is because of drug-related offenses, with most of the burden on the younger age group. Inmates should receive psychiatric and psychological treatments for substance use as part of their sentencing while in prison and after release as a form of targeted intervention for this vulnerable group.
Substance abuse and criminality
Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 1999
Substance abuse issues and the law have become intricately linked over the years. This article reviews the current research underlying the association between substance abuse and crime, and provides an overview of the pertinent issues in conducting a substance abuse evaluation in the forensic context. The epidemiology of substance abuse and crime is reviewed, exploring the association between crime and specific psychoactive substances. Clinical considerations underlying the association are discussed, with specific attention paid to the pharmacological effects of psychoactive substances and to the role of substance use in individuals with serious associated psychopathology. Diagnostic and etiological issues that are important in differentiating substance abuse from criminality are considered in the context of conducting forensic evaluations. Finally, key components of a forensic substance abuse evaluation are presented.
The Validity of Self-Reported Opiate and Cocaine Use by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users
Journal of Drug Issues, 1998
Article *DRUG abusers *COCAINE abuse *DRUG abuse *NARCOTICS *HIV infections *THERAPEUTICS *URINE-Analysis *SUBSTANCE abuse *MULTIVARIATE analysis The objective of this study was (1) to assess the validity of self-report measures of opiate and cocaine use for a sample of out-of-treatment drug users by comparing self-reports to urinalysis results, and (2) to examine the correlates of valid self-reports. Baseline data were collected from 1,015 out-of-treatment drug users in Philadelphia as part of an HIV risk reduction intervention project funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Agreement rates, sensitivity, and specificity measurements were high, and kappa values were good indicating that out-of-treatment drug users provided moderately valid self-reported drug use. The multivariate analysis revealed that women and younger persons were more likely to validly report opiate use and those who were younger and more educated were more likely to give valid reports of cocaine use. Additional research is needed to better understand differences in the validity of self-reports of opiate and cocaine use and the role that urinalysis plays in influencing the validity of self-reported data.
Hair specimens were collected from 322 subjects and analyzed as part of an experimental study administering household surveys during 1997 to a high-risk community sample of adults from Chicago, Illinois. Toxicologic results were compared with survey responses about recent and lifetime drug use. About 35% of the sample tested positive for cocaine, and 4% tested positive for heroin. Sample prevalence estimates of cocaine use based on toxicologic results were nearly five times the survey-based estimates of past month use and nearly four times the survey-based estimates of past year use. With the hair test results as the standard, cocaine and heroin use were considerably underreported in the survey. Underreporting was more of a problem for cocaine than for heroin. Among those who tested positive, survey disclosure of cocaine use was associated with higher levels of cocaine detected in hair. In general, when recent drug use was reported, it was usually detected in hair. When a drug was detected in hair, use was usually not reported in the survey. When heroin was detected in hair, cocaine was almost always detected as well. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:955-62.