Policy implications of utilizing indigenous tree species as agroforestry systems in Himalayan states of India: Case study of Uttarakhand (original) (raw)
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Fuelwood and Fodder Consumption from Agroforestry at Different Altitudinal Zones of Garhwal Himalaya
2019
In Himalayan region, agroforestry is one of the strategies for adaptation to climate change through provision of direct and indirect impact on improving the livelihood of the farmers in the form of productive and protective benefits, respectively. The present study attempts to assess the contribution of agroforestry in fuelwood and fodder consumption at different altitudes of Garhwal Himalayan region. Multistage random sampling method was used for the selection of the agroforestry dominated villages during 2015 to 2017. Fuelwood and fodder consumption by households was estimated in regular interval for a period of 24 hrs using weight survey method. The results revealed that fuelwood consumption from agroforestry was 0.44, 0.63, 0.68 and 0.50 kg/capita/day while the consumption from other sources was estimated at 0.84, 0.90, 0.92 and 1.47 kg/capita/day at <800 m, 801-1200 m, 1201-1600 m and >1600 m altitude, respectively. Similarly, fodder consumption from agroforestry was esti...
Fuelwood consumption pattern at different altitudes in rural areas of Garhwal Himalaya
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009
The use of fuelwood as a primary source of energy for domestic use is causing severe deforestation in Garhwal Himalaya. In the present study fuelwood consumption patterns have been studied in six villages; two each in tropical (Ganga Bhogpur and Kunow), subtropical (Bhainswara and Ghargoan) and temperate (Dhaulana and Chunnikhal) regions under various ecological and socioeconomic conditions. The total average fuelwood consumption in the present study was observed to be highest for Ganga Bhogpur (2.52 kg per capita per day) in the tropical region, whereas, lowest for Ghargoan (1.63 kg per capita per day) in the subtropical region. The labour energy expenditure for fuelwood collection was greatest for Dhaulana (146.62 MJ per capita per day) in the temperate region, and lowest for Ganga Bhogpur (88.80 MJ per capita per day) in the tropical region. The fuelwood consumption rate oscillated considerably across the different seasons. The tree and shrub species preferred by the inhabitants for fuelwood were Holoptelea integrifolia, Anogeissus latifolia and Lantana camara in the tropical region; A. latifolia, Acacia catechu and Carissa spinarum in the subtropical region; and Quercus leucotrichophora, Myrica esculenta and Pyracantha crenulata in the temperate region, respectively.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000
An empirical study on the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in three tribal villages on the Eastern Ghats of India was made during 1994±95. These village ecosystems Ð Rajikakhola, Nediguda and Badruguda Ð are situated in the Phulbani district of Orissa and are inhabited by the Kondh tribe. The average annual production of important non-timber forest products (NTFPs) was 1.87 t (26.78 GJ) of mohua¯ower, 2.96 t (54.41 GJ) of siali leaf, 6.73 t (107.06 GJ) of thatch grass, 4.2 t (8.01 GJ) of sago palm sap and 0.93 t (11.39 GJ) of tamarind pulp per village. Total production of NTFPs was 253.55 GJ per village. Total consumption of NTFPs was 190.57 GJ per village. However, average household consumption was 9.60 GJ. Annual country liquor consumption was 2287 l per village, out of which a total of 762 l was prepared locally and the rest imported. Total annual export of NTFPs was 3.69 t (61.47 GJ) per village, maximum being by Rajikakhola. Among the exported products siali leaf ranked highest. Total human energy expended for collection of NTFP was 16.1 GJ per village, out of which men contributed 37.3%, women 53.8% and children 8.9% in these villages. The average input±output ratio of energy for NTFP was 16.56. For sustainable development of tribal villages, conservation and proper management of existing forests, minimisation of waste and increase of the value of products through ecient processing are highly essential.
Fuel wood is the primary source of energy in rural areas of the Himalaya. Lack of resources, extremely low temperature and xeric climatic conditions of the study region (Khoksar – 3200 m, Jahlma – 3000 m, Hinsa – 2700 m and Kuthar – 2600 m) of cold desert of the Lahaul valley has led to serious deforestation due to excessive use of fuel wood in the past. On the basis of family sizes, fuel wood consumption was recorded less in large family as compared to small family. The fuel wood is used for various activities such as cooking, water heating, room heating, lighting and livestock rearing, etc. Fuel wood consumption was highest in high altitude villages as compared to low altitude villages irrespective of family size. Fuel wood consumption of 4.32 0.99 kg/capita/day was highest at Khoksar for small family during winter season followed by the autumn (2.25 0.15 kg/capita/day) and summer (1.38 0.13 kg/capita/day). The labour energy expenditure for fuel wood collection was also highest for Khoksar (91.91 MJ/capita/year), followed by Hinsa (61.29 MJ/capita/year), Kuthar (52.01 MJ/capita/year) and Jahlma (51.89 MJ/capita/year), respectively. It was found that fuel wood consumption in the study region was influenced by the local cold climate and season of the year. The present information on fuel wood consumption pattern at different altitudes would be helpful in designing appropriate technologies to develop energy plantations in the region.
Small-scale Forestry, 2013
Particularly in developing countries, forests provide feed for livestock in the form of fodder for stall-feeding and grazing in forest areas. Extraction of fodder resources from forests often leads to forest degradation. An attempt has been made to qualify extend of biomass extraction from forests and to compare forest fodder dependence of households in a number of forest density classes in the mountainous region of Himalayas, in Uttarakhand state in India, according to livestock owners' perspectives. Information was obtained from a survey of livestock feed and fodder collection and utilization from 316 randomly selected households distributed across four government-defined forest density classes, namely very dense forest, moderately dense forest, open forest and scrub. Households obtained feed and fodder for livestock from three sources, i.e. forest areas, non-forest areas and local markets. Daily feed consumption per adult cattle unit varied according to source, ranging from 9.85 to 14.70 kg from forest areas, 7.40 to 11.14 kg from non-forest areas, and less than 1 kg from local markets. The dependency of households on fodder for livestock differed significantly between households located in each forest density classes. The current forest fodder extraction rate is likely to be unsustainable. Measures identified to reduce the extraction rate include greater use of alternative fodder sources and managing small patches of the natural forests adjoining dependent villages for fodder production through community participation.
Pattern of Forest Resource Utilization in Some Villages of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Journal of Mountain Research
The Garhwal Himalaya, located in the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotpot, is facing a tremendous pressure especially in human habitation localities where majority of the inhabitants are dependent on the natural resources for their daily needs. The forest resource use patterns vary from one place to another depending upon the livelihood status of inhabitant of particular area. The present study deals the forest resource use pattern in five villages namely Ghidrasu, Daang, Kathur, Khon and Thapli situated in the fringe of a reserve forest of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The average fodder consumption was found 1136.13±148.44 kg/ family/ month that ranged 1047.62–1334.56 kg/ family/ month. The average fuelwood consumption/ household/ month varied from 451.04 to 560.74 kg (average 486.30±43.90 kg). The average LPG consumption varied from 13.59 to 14.26 kg/ household/ month (average 13.85±0.25 kg) in the area. The total importance value (TIV) analysis revealed that Aesculus indica, Euony...
Status of an indigenous agroforestry system: a case study in Kumaun Himalaya, India
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
The agro-forestry system is one of the best known indigenous practices for livelihood and sustainable development. In the present study a village Semalkhaliya (Ramnagar block) situated in bhabar belt of Kumaun Himalaya was analyzed with the objective to assess the indigenous agroforestry system with energy and economic efficiency of the landscape. This village includes 110 families with a human population of 631. Simultaneous agroforestry system was the main land use system being operated in the village. A total of fifteen tree species and twenty two crop species were reported from the study area. Among tree component, Mangifera indica, Tectona grandis and Populas sp were the most dominant species. The major cereals grown by the farmers were Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa. Most of the surplus food was stored by the villagers for their use and rest is sold for cash. Besides food, the tree species grown in agroforestry based system were used for multipurpose such as fuel, fodder, medicine etc. Homegarden is another land use system which was commonly used by the farmers. In this system seasonal vegetable crops were grown with mixed plantation of fodder and fruit trees. In agroforestry system annual energy input was 81 905 MJ/ha and in home garden annual energy input was 53 913 MJ/ha. In terms of money, highest per ha annual productivity or income was greater in agriculture followed by the home gardens.
A b s t r a c t K e y w o r d s Study on Tree-Crop combinations, Biomass and Carbon estimation in Conventional Agroforestry (Agrisilviculture) systems along Altitude and Aspects in the Hills of two districts (Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi) in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India was carried out during 2012-2013. The study spread in varying altitudinal ranges of 1000 to 1500m, 1500 to 2000m and 2000 to 2500m asl covering northern and southern aspects including twelve study sites with six in each district. The major conventional agroforestry systems recorded in the area were agrisilviculture (AS), agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) and agrihorticulture (AH). However, the AS system was studied in detailed for change in elevation and aspects and their effect on land-use, tree-crop combinations, vegetation and standing biomass and carbon storage in agroforestry trees. The diversity of tree species varied from 7 to 15 in one district to 7 to 13 in another under AS system. The highest diversity was recorde...
2015
The present study deals with the biomass use pattern by villagers along different altitudinal gradient during three seasons. Fuelwood used in watershed for different purposes such as cooking, boiling water and space heating. Preferred and commonly used species, emission of green house gasses due to combustion and alternative fuel sources were also examined. 69.33 % LPG (Liquid Petrolium Gas) was estimated in the study area but most of the families use LPG only for preparing tea during guest visit. Overall average fuelwood consumption (Kg/household/day) at three altitudinal zones in three different season was 6.58 in summer, 10.80 in winter and 6.52 in monsoon (Low 500-1000 m asl), 7.34 in summer, 12.72 in winter, 7.28 in monsoon (Middle 1000-1500 m asl) and 9.66 in summer, 14.42 in winter and 9.28 in monsoon (High 1500-2000 m asl). The sampled household complained of decline in the availability of fuelwood species in the nearby areas. The most preferred species for fuelwood were: Al...
2013
Village communities of Uttara Kannada district in the Western Ghats draw a variety of biomass products from the forests, most of which are used as agricultural inputs. Estimation of firewood, green and dry leaves, and fencing material extraction by 247 sampled households in four villages of the district showed that the large farmers derive the most benefit from forests in absolute terms followed by small farmers and the landless, but the order goes reverse if the relative contribution of forests to their income is considered. Also, the biomass flow from natural forests alone is significantly greater than that from joint forest management plantation, agricultural land and home garden put together. Since biomass is an absolute necessity, the community cannot be deprived of it, but at the same time, conservation is essential. Large farmers with a good agroforestry potential should be put onus on to reduce their dependency on natural forests. A shift to live fences can eliminate fencing material harvest. Domestic firewood dependency of the small farmers and the landless can be curtailed by shifting to fuel-efficient stoves. Conservation programme should be tailored to match the type, place, and quantity of biomass products extracted by different sections of the community.