REVIEW ON ASSESSMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER AND ITS INIMICAL IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH IN AGRA (original) (raw)
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Personal and ambient PM2.5 exposure assessment in the city of Agra
Data in Brief, 2016
Human exposure to fine particles can have significant harmful effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular system. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM 2.5 with ambient concentrations in an urban environment, a personal exposure measurements were conducted for school children, office workers and at their residents, in the city of Taj 'Agra', India. In order to account for all the sources of particulate matter exposure, measurements on several different days during December 2013 to February 2014 were carried out. Personal environment monitors (PEM) and APM 550 were used to measure PM 2.5 concentration. The research findings provide insight into possible sources and their interaction with human activities in modifying the human exposure levels.
Respirable particulate matter has been identified as the major air pollutant of the urban air environment. The vehicles fitted with latest technology engines, usage of CNG in vehicles, other combustion sources and formation as secondary pollutant has resulted in higher level of fine and ultrafine particles in the urban air environment. There are more likely chances in the increase of incidences of respiratory and mutagenic disease due to high levels of finer particulates. Therefore, in the revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) November, 2009 suspended particulate matter (SPM) was excluded and fine particulate fraction PM 2.5 was included with existing PM 10. This study was carried out at three urban locations and one control point in Lucknow city to identify the variation in the concentration of PM 2.5 and PM 10 across one year duration from November, 2013 to October, 2014. The annual average at Aliganj, Chowk and Talkatora for PM 2.5 were 76.7, 75.9 and 79.3 µg/m 3 and that of PM 10 were 179.5, 182.5 and 183.0 µg/m 3 respectively was higher than the control point; Kukrail (73.5 µg/m 3 and 163.7 µg/m 3). Almost equal ratio (PM 2.5/10) at urban locations and control point (0.43) suggest the similar sources of air pollution across the city. The seasonal average of city during winter, summer and monsoon for PM 2.5 (79.6, 78.9 and 73.5 µg/m 3) and for PM 10 (190.0, 181.5 and 173.5 µg/m 3) indicates that the particulate levels were maximum, in winters followed by summer and monsoon with small variation. Since the sampling was performed only on non-rainy days, the increased activities of traffic and construction may be responsible to maintain the higher particulate levels soon after the rains are over. NAAQS limits were exceeded in case of both PM 2.5 (Exceedance factor: 1.25) and PM 10 (Exceedance factor: 1.64-1.83) can be considered to be an alarming indicator of adverse health effects for city dwellers. The relative death rate (RDR) for higher PM 10 levels was estimated to be 8.2% for city area and 6.4% for control area. Similarly mortality rate for higher PM 2.5 levels was estimated to be 6.48%, 9.72% and 12.96% for all-causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer respectively for the Lucknow during the study period. The persisting high particulate levels and estimated RDR rates suggest that there is a need to bring down the fine and respirable particulates to safeguard the health of the city dwellers.
Fine particulate pollution and ambient air quality: A case study over an urban site in Delhi, India
Journal of Earth System Science, 2020
The current study discourses the impact of variation in PM 2.5 concentration on the ambient air quality of Delhi. The 24-hourly PM 2.5 concentration dataset was obtained from air quality measurement site (Anand Vihar) of Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) for the duration of April 2015 to December 2018. The annual and seasonal variability in the trend of ambient PM 2.5 along with cumulative impact of meteorological parameters have been analyzed. The overall percentage increase in annual PM 2.5 concentration, compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) guidelines, is observed to be 286.09%. The maximum concentration of fine particulate matter was recorded to be 788.6 µg/m 3 during post-monsoon season and it was found to be associated with lower ambient temperature of 21.34°C and wind speed of 0.33 m/sec. Further, PM 2.5 concentration was found to be correlated with CO ( R = 0.6515) and NH 3 ( R = 0.6396) indicating similar sources of emission. Further, backward t...
Chemical Characterization of Particulate Matter at Traffic Prone Roadside Environment in Agra, India
2020
In the present study, size-segregated samples of PM were collected from urban and semi-urban traffic junctions in Agra, India. PM samples were collected during the monsoon season (July to September 2015) using Grimm portable aerosol Spectrometer. The recorded mean concentration of PM10 at urban site was 137.09±61μg/m3 and at semi-urban site was 270.14±21μg/m3, which were higher than the suggested limits by WHO and NAAQS India. Mean concentrations of PM2.5 were 41.45±40μg/m3, 48.88±34μg/m3 at the urban and semi-urban site, respectively. Whereas, mean concentrations of PM1.0 were 30.35±64μg/m3, 12.64±4μg/m3 and PM0.25 were 0.06±0.05μg/m3, 0.17±0.06μg/m3 at the urban and semi-urban site, respectively. It was estimated that PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.25 values were higher at semi-urban site than urban sampling site but in case of PM1.0 concentrations were higher at urban site. The surface morphology of PM2.5 was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show flaky, branched...
The current study was an attempt to measure ambient air quality in term of PM2.5 and associated heavy metals at two different sites near very busy crossing on National Highway with the help of fine particulate dust sampler. The Average mass concentration for PM2.5 was 77.59μg/m3and 72.86μg/m3 at semi-urban and urban sites. From the outcomes it was determined that the influence of PM2.5 concentrations was greater at the Semi-urban than urban site. Concentrations of PM2.5 have been compared with WHO, NAAQS and USEPA standards and was found to be exceeded than prescribed limit. Among analyzed heavy metals, Ca (11.652 µg/m3), showed the highest concentration due to various construction materials, such as cement, brick lime and concrete as well as road dust, accompanied by Al (1.397µg/m3) and Fe (0.973µg/m3). The concentration of metals followed the trend Ca>Al >Fe > K >Pb>Mn> Co > Cr > Cu > Ni and Ca>Al >Fe > K >Mn>Pb> Cr > Ni > Cu >...
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10 AND PM 2.5 ) CONCENTRATION: A CASE OF AHMEDABAD CITY
The air pollution in Indian cities is increasing at an alarming rate. Amongst the world's 10, most air polluted cities, 6 are from India [1].The air consists of various pollutants like SO 2 , NO 2 , PM 10 , PM 2.5 , Ozone, CO etc. But PM 2.5 is the most dangerous, adversely affecting human health. Air pollution is the 5 th highest cause of deaths in India [2]. The study intends to find the particulate matter (PM) concentration levels (PM 10 and PM 2.5), in Ahmedabad city. 32 areas including commercial, residential, industrial, sensitive etc., across the city, were selected to measure PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentration, in the month of December 2013.The study found that, almost 44% of these areas had PM 10 levels exceeding the permissible limits and 30% of them exceeded the permissible levels for PM 2.5, most of them located in the central part of the city. Moreover, certain areas had highly critical PM levels.
This paper presents particulate matter load at different aerodynamic diameter for two seasons of an urban industrial site in Delhi using portable aerosol spectrometer. The result showed that seasonal average concentration varied from 57 to 457µg m-3 for PM 10 in the pre-monsoon and 78 to 900 µg m-3 in post-monsoon season. The fine particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µm were observed from 15 to 65 µg m-3 in pre monsoon and 16 to 772 µg m-3 in post monsoon. The mean concentration variation shows an expected weekly pattern of increased values on weekdays than weekend for pre-monsoon but in post monsoon the weekend concentration was found to be higher than weekday's value. The mass fraction of PM 10-2.5 shows greater variability in post monsoon season with 105µg m-3 and 81µg m-3 for pre-monsoon season. The size ratio fraction for PM 2.5 /PM 10 ranged from 0.17 to 0.66 in two seasons. The seasonal variation for PM 10 and PM 2.5 showed a strong linear relationship for the weekly behavior with R 2 from 0.48 to 0.99. The correlation matrix for weekday and weekend pattern shows that particulate matter of different aerodynamic diameter was positively correlated in two different seasons. The observation indicates that despite several measures of pollution abatement the people living in nearby areas are at significant risk of respiratory health problems.
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2012
In this study, size-segregated particulate matter samples were collected in Raipur, India from July 2009 to June 2010 by using eight-stage cascade impactor sampler. The annual average concentrations and associated standard deviation of PM 10 , PM 2.5-10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 were 270.5± 105.5, 119.6±44.6, 150.9±78.6, and 72.5±39.0 μg/m 3 , respectively. The PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels at Raipur, India were well above the annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India of 60 and 40 μg/m 3 for PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. Particulate matter concentrations in winter were higher than those in summer and monsoon. Increased energy use and dry atmospheric conditions contributed to increasing particulate matter concentrations in winter, while increased rainfall precipitation contributed to decreasing particulate matter levels in the monsoon. Spearman correlation analysis between PM 10 and PM 2.5 revealed high correlation coefficients (r00.85), implying that PM 10 and PM 2.5 may have the same source of regions or that they are influenced by the same local conditions. The highest monthly values of air quality index occur in winter and spring, while they are reduced in summer and monsoon. The analysis showed that 25.0% of the days was unhealthy for sensitive people, 47.4% was unhealthy or very unhealthy, while 4.1% was considered as hazardous. A comparison of the exceedance factors indicated that PM 10 and PM 2.5 was the most significant polluting agent, causing maximum deterioration in the ambient air quality of Raipur, India.
2016
This paper presents particulate matter load at different aerodynamic diameter for two seasons of an urban industrial site in Delhi using portable aerosol spectrometer. The result showed that seasonal average concentration varied from 57 to 457µg m-3 for PM10 in the pre-monsoon and 78 to 900 µg m-3 in post-monsoon season. The fine particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µm were observed from 15 to 65 µg m-3 in pre monsoon and 16 to 772 µg m-3 in post monsoon. The mean concentration variation shows an expected weekly pattern of increased values on weekdays than weekend for pre-monsoon but in post monsoon the weekend concentration was found to be higher than weekday’s value. The mass fraction of PM10-2.5 shows greater variability in post monsoon season with 105µg m-3 and 81µg m
Exceedances and trends of particulate matter (PM2.5) in five Indian megacities
Science of The Total Environment, 2021
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