Isolation and Characterization of Carbohydrates (original) (raw)
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Starch and Glycogen Analyses: Methods and Techniques
Biomolecules
For complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch, various analytical methods and techniques exist allowing the detailed characterization of these storage carbohydrates. In this article, we give a brief overview of the most frequently used methods, techniques, and results. Furthermore, we give insights in the isolation, purification, and fragmentation of both starch and glycogen. An overview of the different structural levels of the glucans is given and the corresponding analytical techniques are discussed. Moreover, future perspectives of the analytical needs and the challenges of the currently developing scientific questions are included.
2020
For complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch, various analytical methods and techniques exist allowing the detailed characterization of these storage carbohydrates. In this article, we give a brief overview of the most frequently used methods, techniques, and results. Furthermore, we give insights in the isolation, purification, and fragmentation of both starch and glycogen. An overview of the different structural levels of the glucans is given and the corresponding analytical techniques are discussed. Moreover, future perspectives of the analytical needs and the challenges of the currently developing scientific questions are included
Comparative study for analysis of carbohydrates in biological samples
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2021
This work presents a comparative study for the analysis of carbohydrates for four common chromatographic methods, each coupled to mass spectrometry. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) and gas chromatography (GC) with detection by triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ-MS) are compared. It is shown that gas chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography, each after derivatisation, are superior to the other two methods in terms of separation performance. Furthermore, comparing the different working modes of the mass spectrometer, it can be determined that a targeted analysis, i.e. moving from full scan to single ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), results in an improvement in the sensitivity as well as the repeatability of the method, which has deficiencies especially in the analysis using HILIC. Overall, RP-LC–MS in MRM after derivatisation wi...
BIOCHEMISTRY OF FOOD CARBOHYDRATES AND IT'S APPLICATION IN FOOD INDUSTRY
ESSENTIALS OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE, VOLUME 4, 2023
Since Carbohydrates constitute the main biomolecule in the human body and are widely distributed in nature, carbohydrates are taken far more frequently than other nutrients. There are many distinct types of carbohydrates that serve a wide range of purposes in a variety of industries, such as food, fashion, pharmaceuticals, etc. A significant amount of non-digestible starch passes through the small intestine without being digested and it produces short chain fatty acids which helps to maintain our gut health. Postprandial glucose rise occurs during the carbohydrate digestion phase when RDS content is high and low postprandial glucose rise occurs when SDS content is high. One such non-digestible carbohydrate is resistant starch (RS), which serves as food for the microorganisms in the large intestine and has a significant prebiotic function. Meals containing RS are hypoglycaemic and have been associated to lowering blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Alginates, Cellulose, Polysaccharides, and Modified Starch is a crucial component of many large enterprises and is useful in changing food functionality in numerous ways. Owing to consumers who care about the environment, plastic is being replaced by environmentally safe biodegradable plastics and bioplastics, whose production heavily relies on starch.
HPAE-PAD - a sensitive method for the determination of carbohydrates
Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1998
High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) was used for the determination of eleven monosaccharides. Three analytical columns with different selectivities were tested, and the resulting separations were compared calculating precision and detection limits. The monosaccharides could be separated on CarboPAC PA10 in one analysis run with the lowest detection limits and a high precision. For the determination of polysaccharides and humic bound carbohydrates in natural organic matter, an hydrolysis step had to be carried out. With the exception of fructose, the recoveries varied between 56% and 83%. The described methods were applied for the determination of bound carbohydrates in a bog lake water and a soil extract without preconcentrating the samples.
Biochemistry and Nutrition of Carbohydrates
Global Journal of Research in Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2021
The research focused on the biochemistry and nutrition of carbohydrates, with more emphasis on the recent research developments and discoveries. A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water). The carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as aldoses and ketoses. Saccharide, a group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose, are divided into four chemical groups: monosaccharaides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharaides and disaccharides, the smallest carbohydrates, are commonly referred to as sugars. While the polysaccharides are commonly referred to as complex carbohydrates. They are found in a wide variety of natural and processed foods. Starch is a polysaccharide abundant in cereals (wheat, maize, rice), potatoes, and processed food based on cereal flour, such as bread, pizza or pasta. Sugars appear in human diet mainly as table sugar (sucrose, extracted from sugarcane or sugar beets), lactose (abundant in milk), glucose and fructose, both of which occur naturally in honey, many fruits, and some vegetables. Table sugar, milk, or honeys are often added to drinks and many prepared foods such as jam, biscuits and cakes. Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy (e.g. starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g. cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA; deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Cellulose, a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of all plants, is one of the main components of insoluble dietary fiber. Insoluble dietary fiber helps to maintain a healthy digestive system by easing defecation. Other polysaccharides contained in dietary fiber include resistant starch and inulin. Some cells, such as the brain cells, require glucose as fuel. If there is insufficient dietary carbohydrate, glucose synthesis depends on breakdown of amino acids derived from the body protein, dietary protein, and the glycerol, which is derived from fat. The process is called gluconeogenesis, and occurs mostly in the liver. Long-term carbohydrate insufficiency results in a condition known as ketosis (increased production of some organic compounds called ketones), which imparts a distinct sweet odor to the breath.
Summary: Carbohydrates are biomolecule of significant importance. Its analysis is of prime importance in the clinical investigations, delivery of medicines and quality control operations of food and fuel products. Based on its importance a novel spectrophotometric method was investigated for the trace analysis of carbohydrates using glucose as model carbohydrate. This method is based on glucosazation followed by oxidation of the glucosazone with acidified iron (III) chloride. Oxidation of the glucsazone is necessary for enhancing the color intensity and optimum conditions were investigated for the process. All the absorbance measurements were carried out using 390 nm as λmax. The ratio of the reactants was 1: 1.5: 0.1 mole for the glucose, phenyl hydrazine and iron (III) chloride. This method was used for the analysis of carbohydrates in real samples from plants, industrial products, blood and urine using glucose as reference.
The study of carbohydrates of corn raw materials
ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science
The aim. The aim of the study was to study the content of polysaccharide fractions depending on the dissolution, qualitative composition and quantitative content of sugars in corn silk, leaves and roots. Materials and methods. To study different fractions of polysaccharides - water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS), pectin substances (PS), hemicelluloses A (HC A) and B (HM B) used a gravimetric method based on the extraction of polysaccharide fractions with a suitable solvent followed by sedimentation and weighing of the sediment. Determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of monosaccharides in corn medicinal plant materials (MPM) was carried out by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results. Conducted studies of corn silk, leaves and roots carbohydrates using the fractionation method indicate the following trend of BAS accumulation in the studied raw materials: the content of WSPS and PS in corn silk exceeded the content of these com...
Food Chemistry, 2017
A gas chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of the monosaccharides of the soluble, insoluble fractions and the total non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) content in foods with fat contents of less than 5%. Sample preparation involved enzymatic removal of starch and acid hydrolysis of the NSP to their constituent sugars. The alditol acetate derivatives were analysed on a wide bore capillary column with detection by flame ionization. The method was accurate, with recovery of spiked samples between 93.6% and 102.7% for intra-day analysis and between 93.2% and 104.7% for inter-day analysis. Repeatability was excellent; RSD values from 0.1 to 4.4% and 0.2 to 5.7% were observed from intra-day analysis and inter-day analysis, respectively. The peaks for all neutral sugars were sharp and separation was at baseline resolution with no interfering or co-eluting peaks.