Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview of Major Hypotheses and Therapeutic Options in Nanotechnology (original) (raw)
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a kind of dementia that creates serious challenges for sufferers’ memory, thinking, and behavior. It commonly targeting the aging population and decay the brain cells, despite attempts have been performed to enhance AD diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Hence, AD remains incurable owing to its complex and multifactorial consequences and still there is lack of appropriate diagnostics/therapeutics option for this severe brain disorder. Therefore, nanotechnology is currently bringing new tools and insights to improve the previous knowledge of AD and ultimately may provide a novel treatment option and a ray of hope to AD patients. Here in this review, we highlighted the nanotechnologies-based findings for AD, in both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and explained how advances in the field of nanotechnology/nanomedicine could enhance patient prognosis and quality of life. It is highly expected these emerging technologies could bring a research-based revo...
An Overview on Global Trends in Nanotechnological Approaches for Alzheimer Therapy
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Despite extensive research for over two decades, the medical science is yet to assign the exact aetiology and mode of progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The modern era of AD drug development began with the proposal of the cholinergic hypothesis of memory impairment. Since then, despite the proposal and phase trials of many therapeutic options, only few drugs have shown some efficacy and safety. The reasons behind this have been many including the ineffectiveness of tested drugs and inadequacy of clinical development methods. In this manuscript , we present an account of modern structural, functional and molecular imaging developed for AD therapy. A comprehensive review of all the current and future treatment options for AD, ranging from cholinergic drugs, NMDA receptor antagonist, immunotherapy, drugs reducing A production, and drugs targeting tau protein and mitochondrial dysfunction has also been provided. However, the failure of all the proposed treatment options to provide a complete cure of AD has been pushing for the need of new therapies. The recent advent of nano-drugs has been proposed to provide crucial breakthroughs in AD therapy. Hence, a detailed outline of the usage and applications of nano-drugs in AD therapy, and outstanding developments in nanodrug metabolism and disposition has been discussed.
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Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson’s disease are the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Despite all the efforts made by the scientific community, current available treatments have limited effectiveness, without halting the progression of the disease. That is why, new molecules such as growth factors, antioxidants and metal chelators have been raised as new therapeutical approaches. However, these molecules have difficulties to cross the blood–brain barrier limiting its therapeutic effect. The development of nanometric drug delivery systems may permit a targeted and sustained release of old and new treatments offering a novel strategy to treat these neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarized the main investigated drug delivery systems as promising approaches to treat Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Diseases that cause deterioration of the neurons are many and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical example. The prevalence of AD is increasing with a huge impact on the family, society, and the economy of nations. The central nervous system and its periphery have barriers which are crucial interfaces preventing the entrance of awkward materials. Among these barriers, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the most selective and comprises cells coupled with fitted intersections. Nanosized carriers have the prospect for administering drugs to the brain and examples include nanoemulsions, those based on solid lipids and those based on solid and liquid lipids. These formulations can encapsulate active molecules and target necessary transport systems in the brain, thus enabling drug uptake through the BBB. Nanoparticles are of different types and are obtained using diverse techniques and materials. What is common to all nanocarriers is the small sizes and specificity in site targeting. Conventional drugs used in the treatment of AD and bioactive agents can be designed as nanocarriers for improved efficacy. This paper elucidates the use of nanoparticles in managing AD while touching on the prospects of natural therapeutic agents and highlighting future perspectives.
Role of Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s
Nanotechnology has immense potential to revolutionize the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as the Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is characterized by parenchymal amyloid plaques; intraneuronal tangles; substantial neuronal loss in the cortex and hippocampus; and significant cognitive decline. Treatment in the early stages of the disease is critical to halt or even reverse the neurodegeneration associated with AD. However, none of the diagnostic methods existing today can provide a definitive pre-mortem diagnosis of AD; currently available AD treatments can only offer symptomatic relief but do not address the underlying pathology. Nanotechnology is enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography contrast agents that can detect various pathological hallmarks of AD such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, nanotechnology enables the targeted delivery of novel therapeutic compounds that are being developed for AD treatment; enhance their efficacy; and reduce systemic toxicity. Some of these notable advances in AD diagnosis and treatment propelled by the nanotechnology are reviewed in this chapter.
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
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Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that results in cognitive and behavioral impairment. Conventional treatment strategies, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs, often fail due to their poor solubility, lower bioavailability, and ineffective ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanotechnological treatment methods, which involve the design, characterization, production, and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems, have been employed to optimize therapeutics. These nanotechnologies include polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, and liquid crystals. Each of these are promising tools for the delivery of therapeutic devices to the brain via various routes of administration, particularly the intranasal route. The objective of this study is to present a systematic review of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Current and Future Nano-Carrier-Based Approaches in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
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It is a very alarming situation for the globe because 55 million humans are estimated to be affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) worldwide, and still it is increasing at the rapid speed of 10 million cases per year worldwide. This is an urgent reminder for better research and treatment due to the unavailability of a permanent medication for neurodegenerative disorders like AD. The lack of drugs for neurodegenerative disorder treatment is due to the complexity of the structure of the brain, mainly due to blood–brain barrier, because blood–brain drug molecules must enter the brain compartment. There are several novel and conventional formulation approaches that can be employed for the transportation of drug molecules to the target site in the brain, such as oral, intravenous, gene delivery, surgically implanted intraventricular catheter, nasal and liposomal hydrogels, and repurposing old drugs. A drug’s lipophilicity influences metabolic activity in addition to membrane permeability b...