Oropharyngeal Colonization With Neisseria lactamica, Other Nonpathogenic Neisseria Species and Moraxella catarrhalis Among Young Healthy Children in Ahvaz, Iran (original) (raw)
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Prevalence of variant bacteria in oropharyngeal colonization of Iranian children
Iranian Journal of …, 2008
On the base of relation between oropharyngeal colonization of bacterial pathogens and etiology of invasive and noninvasive pediatric diseases, we evaluated their prevalence and relationship between them. Materials and methods: The colonized bacteria in oropharynx of 296 children between 2-6 years old from 7 day care centers of Tehran were isolated and determined by specific diagnostic tests. Results: Prevalence rates of bacterial colonization include Streptococcus pneumoniae (32.4 %), Haemophilus influenzae (23.9%), Moraxella catarrhalis (13.5%), Neisseria meningitides (12.1%) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%). Our study showed the reverse relationship between colonization rate of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae and between Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzue. Conclusion: Determination of colonized bacteria in oropharynx of healthy children and relationship between them can be helpful to find the ways to interfere with their colonization and prevention of diseases due to them.
Infection and Drug Resistance
Background: Although commensal Neisseria species inhabiting mucosal surfaces in the upper respiratory tract (URT) are rarely associated with infections, their presence in the area has been linked to the development of immunity against N. meningitidis and the source of antibiotic resistance determinants in pathogenic species. M. catarrhalis in the oropharynx of children is also a predisposing factor for otitis media. As a result, determining the oropharyngeal carriage rate of these commensal species and associated factors among healthy schoolchildren is substantial. Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, from January to April 2019. A multi-stage and simple random sampling technique were used to select schools and participants, respectively. A total of 524 oropharyngeal swabs were collected using cotton swabs. Modified Thayer-Martin media was used for primary bacterial isolation, and battery of biochemical tests was performed to identify species. For frequencies, descriptive statistics were computed and the logistic regression model was used to see the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Results: A total of 524 healthy schoolchildren with a mean age of 12.2 ± 2.74 years participated in this study. The overall oropharyngeal carriage rate was 21.8% (114/524). Of these, N. meningitidis, N. lactamica, N. sicca, and M. catarrhalis were identified in 53 (46.5%), 14 (12.3%), 11 (9.6%), and 36 (31.6%) children, respectively. The culture positivity rate was higher at a younger age, which was 8.1%, 11.3%, and 14.9% in ages between 15-18, 11-14, and 7-10, respectively. The oropharyngeal carriage was significantly associated with the number of students per class (>40). Conclusion: There is a higher proportion of carriers of commensal N. lactamica and M. catarrhalis in Gondar town schoolchildren. The oropharyngeal carriage rate was associated with a crowded classroom. The characterization of non-pathogenic Neisseria species and M. catarrhalis in the study area can support the diagnosis of patients suspected of having N. meningitis infections.
PLoS ONE, 2013
Background: CRM-based pneumococcal conjugate vaccines generally have little impact on the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage because of serotype replacement. In contrast, protein vaccines could substantially reduce the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage with potential microbiological and clinical consequences. Therefore, trials of pneumococcal protein vaccines need to evaluate their impact on carriage of other potentially pathogenic bacteria in addition to the pneumococcus. Methods: As a prelude to a trial of an investigational pneumococcal vaccine containing pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates and pneumococcal proteins, the prevalence of carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella species and Staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx of 1030 Gambian infants (median age 35 weeks) was determined. An oropharyngeal swab was obtained at the same time from the first 371 infants enrolled. Standard microbiological techniques were used to evaluate the bacterial flora of the pharynx and to compare that found in the oropharynx and in the nasopharynx. Results: The overall pneumococcal carriage rate was high. Isolation rates of S. pneumoniae and Moraxella species were significantly higher using nasopharyngeal rather than oropharyngeal swabs (76.1% [95% CI 73.4%,78.7%] vs. 21.3% [95% CI 17.2%,25.8%] and 48.9% [95% CI 45.8%, 52.0%] vs. 20.5% % [95% CI 16.5%,25.0%] respectively). In contrast, S. aureus and H. influenzae were isolated more frequently from oropharyngeal than from nasopharyngeal swabs (65.0% [95% CI 59.9%, 69.8%] vs. 33.6% [95% CI 30.7%, 36.5%] and 31.8% [95% CI 16.5%, 25.0%] vs. 22.4% [95% CI 19.9%, 25.1%] respectively). No group A β haemolytic streptococci were isolated. Conclusion: Collection of an oropharyngeal swab in addition to a nasopharyngeal swab will provide little additional information on the impact of a novel pneumococcal vaccine on pneumococcal carriage but it might provide additional, valuable information on the impact of the vaccine on the overall microbiota of the pharynx.
Antibiotics, 2022
Commensal Neisseria provide a reservoir of resistance genes that can be transferred to the pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis in the human oropharynx. Surveillance programs are thus needed to monitor resistance in oropharyngeal commensal Neisseria, but currently the isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these commensals is laborious, complex and expensive. In addition, the posterior oropharyngeal/tonsillar swab, which is commonly used to sample oropharyngeal Neisseria, is poorly tolerated by many individuals. We evaluated an alternative non-invasive method to isolate oropharyngeal commensal Neisseria and to detect decreased susceptibility to azithromycin using selective media (LBVT.SNR) with and without azithromycin (2 µg/mL). In this pilot study, we compared paired posterior oropharyngeal/tonsillar swabs and oral rinse-and-gargle samples from 10 participants and demonstrated that a similar Neisseria species diversity and number of colonies were isol...
Epidemiology and Infection, 1991
In a household survey in the Faroe Islands, an isolated community with hyperendemic occurrence of meningococcal disease due to serogroup B 15, 1604 persons were examined for pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and N. lactamica. Two areas were chosen having experienced high (HIA), and two having experienced low incidences (LIA) of disease. Living in HIA compared with LIA was associated with higher risk of N. meningitidis B 15 carriage and lower risk of N. lactamica carriage, with odds ratios of 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.1, P = 0.003) and 0.41 (95% CI 0.31-0.53, P less than 0.0001), respectively. In HIA the risk of N. meningitidis carriage was much lower in non-carriers than carriers of N. lactamica, with an odds ratio of 0.19 (95% CI 0.08-0.47, P = 0.0003); in LIA this association (odds ratio 0.51, P = 0.05) was much weaker. Children 0-14 years had substantially higher risk of being carriers of N. meningitidis group B 15 if the mothers were so, with an odds ratio of 11 (95% CI 4-29, P less than 0.0001).
The high incidence of bacterial respiratory infections has led to a focus on evaluating the human respiratory microbiome. Studies based on culture-based and molecular methods have shown an increase in the bacterial community that includes the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria in the oropharynx of healthy individuals. Therefore, recognizing this microbial compound and subsequently identifying those carriers of specific pathogens can be of great help in predicting future infections and their control. In this prospective study, we sought to characterize the bacterial communities of the respiratory microbiome in healthy children aged between 3 and 6 years old by combining both cultural techniques and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Seventy-seven oropharynx samples using Dacron swabs were collected from 77 healthy children in the kindergartens of Ilam, Iran. Bacterial identification was performed by phenotypic methods and in house developed PCR-based sequencing (the V1-V9 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene). In total, 346 bacterial isolates were characterized based on phenotypic and sequencing-based molecular methods. The 3 most predominant phyla were Firmicutes (74%), Proteobacteria (22%), and Actinobacteria (4%). At the level of the genus, Staphylococci (coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative) and Streptococci were dominant. Also, the most commonly identified potentially pathogenic colonisers were S. aureus (75%), Enterobacteriaceae spp. (40.1%), and A. baumannii (15.6%). The present study identified 3 phyla and 9 family of bacteria in the oropharyngeal microbiome. Remarkably, the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx of healthy children can predispose them to infectious diseases, and also frequent exposure to human respiratory bacterial pathogens are further risk factors.
Chronic Tonsillitis Bacteriology in Egyptian Children Including Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci, 2009
A bs tract: Objective: This s tudy was conducted to analyze the underlying bacterial pathogen s in tons illar dis eas e among Egyptian children, to investigate whether there is any difference bet ween tons illar s urface a n d d e e p tis s ue cultures in patients who underwent tons illectomy for recurrent tons illit is a n d a ls o to study the incidence of beta lactamase producing bacteria (âLPB) and Oxacillin resis tant strains. M ethods : Specimens were c o lle c t e d over a period of three months from different tons illar s ites of 72 patients-their ages ranging from 5 to 12 y e ars-s uffering from recurrent tons illitis and undergoing tons illectomy. A erobic bacterial identification and antimicrobial s us ceptibility were carried out through standard procedures. Results: Sixty-five tons ils had pos itive aerobic is olates while the remaining s even cas es had normal flora (9.7%). The total number of pos itive is olates in both s urface and core cultures were 152. S. aureus was the mos t common aerobic organis m (56.9%) is olated from both s urface and core of excis ed to n s ils. M os t of S. aureus is olates (95%) had ß-Lactamase activity, whereas only 11% was Oxacillin resis ta n t S. aureus (ORSA). H. influenzae was is olated in (44.6%) of cas es, mos tly as core cultu re s with 58% of them s howing ß-Lactamase activity. GA âHS had an incidence of 38.5%, mos tly as surface cultu re s w ith 26% of them showing ß-Lactamas e activity. Streptococcus pneumoniae were is olated in 20% of cas es, mos tly surface is olates. Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified in the core of 5 cas es (7.7%). There was a noticeable difference between s urface and core cultures regard in g a ll t ypes of bacteria except S.aureus. Fifty percent discrepancy between the two sites was found. Co n c lus ion: S. aureus is the main offending pathogen res pons ible for chronic tons illitis nowadays. H. influenzae an d GA âHS had a near equal incidence. Due to the difference between the is olates from tons illar s urfac e a n d c o re , the practice of s urface tons illar s wab may be mis leading. Tons illar dis eas e may s tem from the bacteria w it h in t he s ubs tance of the tons ils rather than the bacteria identified on the surface.