Effects of different charging and discharging strategies of electric vehicles under various pricing policies in a smart microgrid (original) (raw)
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2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, 2013
This paper presents a battery test platform including two Li-ion battery designed for hybrid and EV applications, and charging/discharging tests under different operating conditions carried out for developing an accurate dynamic electro-thermal model of a high power Li-ion battery pack system. The aim of the tests has been to study the impact of the battery degradation and to find out the dynamic characteristics of the cells including nonlinear open circuit voltage, series resistance and parallel transient circuit at different charge/discharge currents and cell temperature. An equivalent circuit model, based on the runtime battery model and the Thevenin circuit model, with parameters obtained from the tests and depending on SOC, current and temperature has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and Power Factory. A good alignment between simulations and measurements has been found. Index Terms-Battery Management Unit (BMU); Distributed Energy Resources (DER); High Power Lithium-Cell Battery, State of Charge (SOC); Battery Electric Vehicle-BEV; I. NOMENCLATURE BEV-Battery Electric Vehicle; CAN-Controller Area Network; EV-Electrical Vehicle; HEV-Hybrid Electric Vehicle; SOC-State of Charge;
IJIERT-STABILIZING THE THERMAL TEMPERATURE OF LITHIUM BATTERIES USING PELTIER PLATE FOR EV VEHICLES
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS , 2020
Lithium batteries have become widwly used in energy storage systems. Since adverse operating temperatures can impact battery performance, degradation, and safety achieving a battery thermal management system that can provide a suitable ambient temperature environment for working batteries is important. This paper provides a review based on previous based on previous studies, summarizes the electrical and thermal characteristics of batteries and how they are affected by the operating temperature, analyzes the relative merits and specific purposes of different cooling or heating methods, and provides many optimization mrthods. Moverover, because low power consumption, a high temperature regulation capacity, and excellent temperature uniformity are desired for every battery thermal management system, we also present control strategies that can contribute to thermal management. It is indispensable to establish criteria to evaluate battery thermal management systems. We subsequently summarize the characteristic parameters for the analysis of various battery thermal management system desig s. Finally, we provide an outlook for the development of lithium-ion battery thermal management systems. INTRODUCTION Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been widely regarded as the most promising solutions to replace the conventional internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles, and the recent years have seen a rapid development of HV and HEV technologies. Batteries have been widely applied as the power supply for Evs and HEVs due to the advantages such as high energy density, low environmental pollution and long cycle life. On the other hand, batteries require particular care in the EV applications. Improper operations such as over-current, over-voltage or over-charging/discharging will cause significant safety issue to the batteries, noticeably accelerate the aging process, and even cause fire and explosion [1]. Therefore, the battery management system (BMS) plays a vital role in ensuring safety and performance of batteries. Key technologies in the BMS of Evs include the battery modelling, internal state estimation and battery charging. An effective battert model is crucial in battery behaviour analysis, battery state monitoring, real-time controller design, thermal management nad fault dignosis. Besides, some battery internal states, such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH) and internal temperature, cannot be measured directly, while these states play important role in managing the operation of batteries, and thus need to be monitored using proper estimation methods. Further battery charging is also of great importance in BMS due to its direct impact on the operation safety and service availability of battery. A well-designed strategy will protect batteries against damage, limit temperature variations as well as improve efficiency of energy conversion. Slow charging has negative effect on the availability of EV usage, but charging too fast may adversely lead to large energy loss and temperature rise [2]. Large temperature variation further leads to rapid battery aging and even causes overheating or super-cooling, which will eventually shorten the battery service life [3].
2015
disponible: Bibliothèque : Université de Caen Normandie. Bibliothèque universitaire Sciences - STAPSAdvanced research on rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries has allowed for large format and high-energy batteries to be largely used in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). For transportation applications, beside limitations of driving range, long charging time is still considered as an important barrier for a wide use of BEVs. The increase of the charging current amplitude may however subject the battery to stressful situations and can significantly increase the temperature of the battery. These phenomena reduce the battery’s lifetime and performances and in worst-case scenario, thermal runaway can occur. To avoid this, there is a need for an optimized thermal management in order to keep the battery in a safe and beneficial range of operating conditions. Firstly, in this PhD dissertation a two-dimensional electrical-thermal model has been developed to predict the cell temperature distribut...
IEEE Access
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining mainstream adoption as more countries introduce net-zero carbon targets for the near future. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, the most commonly used energy storage technology in EVs, are temperature sensitive, and their performance degrades at low operating temperatures due to increased internal resistance. The existing literature on EV-power grid studies assumes that EVs are used under ''perfect temperatures'' (e.g. 21 Celsius) and temperature-related issues are ignored. In addition, most of the countries/regions with high EV penetration (e.g. Norway, Canada, northern parts of the US and China, etc.) experience harsh cold months, making it extremely critical to understand EV performance and consequently their impacts on the electrical power networks. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature that considers the combined investigation of Li-ion battery technology and power networks, focusing on their operation under suboptimal weather conditions. More specifically, we review: (i) the impact of low temperatures on the electrochemical performance of EV batteries in parking, charging and driving modes, (ii) the challenges experienced by EVs during charging and associated performance degradation, and (iii) the additional impacts of EV charging on the power networks. Our analysis shows that there are serious research gaps in literature and industry applications, which may hinder mass EV adoption and cause delays in charging station roll-out. INDEX TERMS Electric vehicles, Li-ion battery, low temperatures, power grid impacts, power quality. NOMENCLATURE BMS Battery Management System. BTMS Battery Thermal Management System. CO 2 Carbon dioxide. CC Constant Current. CV Constant Voltage. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. DSM Demand Side Management. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Chi-Seng Lam. DoD Depth of Discharge. EV Electric Vehicle. EVSE Electrical Vehicle Supply Equipment. EN European Norm. ESS Energy Storage System. FEC Full Equivalent Cycles. GHG Greenhouse Gases. HVAC Heating, Ventilating and AirConditioning. ICE Internal Combustion Engine. IEC International Electrotechnical Commission. Li-ion Lithium-ion. LV Low Voltage.
Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery in Electric Vehicle
IRJET, 2022
Choosing a proper cooling method for a lithiumion (Li-ion) battery pack for electric drive vehicles (EDVs) and making an optimal cooling control strategy to keep the temperature at an optimal range of 15degree C to 35degree C is essential to increasing safety, extending the pack service life, and reducing costs. When choosing a cooling method and developing strategies, trade-offs need to be made among many facets such as costs, complexity, weight, cooling effects, temperature uniformity, and performance. This paper considers two cell-cooling methods: air cooling, direct liquid cooling and compared the results with static cell temperature. To evaluate their effectiveness, these methods are assessed using a typical large capacity Li-ion pouch cell designed for EDVs from the perspective of coolant parasitic power consumption, maximum temperature rise, temperature difference in a cell, and additional weight used for the cooling system. Used a state-of-the-art Li-ion battery electro-chemical thermal model. The results show that under our assumption an air-cooling system consumed more energy to keep the same average temperature. A direct liquid cooling system has the lowest maximum temperature rise.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET, 2020
The quantum of transient heat generated and subsequent transient temperature is interdependent non linear functionality with several boundary conditions affecting the lithium ion battery pack performance with transient heat conduction under tangible operating and ambient temperature has a substantial short and long term impact on the electrical performance, life, reliability and safety of lithium-ion batteries. In the tropical condition, the variation in ambient temperature of lithium ion battery pack for 2/3 wheeler is comparatively high and varies from + 25 o C to +55 o C because of higher atmospheric temperature as well as the batteries having less thermal evacuation system and ventilation because of lack of space and other constraints, thus exerting constantly higher but variable thermal stress like temperature gradients, thermal expansion or contraction and thermal shocks causes irreparable aging and degradation effect. It is essential to quantify the transient heat generation and temperature distribution of a battery cell, module, and pack during different operating conditions with methodologies for its proficient management and mitigating techniques. The demand for thermal management is multi prong to maintain the temperature of batteries within the safe operating temperature range zone and the non-uniform temperature distribution must remain within the range of the reference limit for the purpose of preventing the occurring of thermal runaway for favorable working performance. The objective of thermal management is to device suitable monitoring and measurement, designing the suitable thermal path to expel heat generated and suitable mechanism for prevention of breakdown. In this paper, the comparative transient temperature distributions across two identical battery packs(48V24Ah (15S4P) series-parallel connected lithium-ion Ferro phosphate cell), one without any thermal management system and other with thermal management system are studied under various charging and discharging currents with various ambient temperature range, similar to tropical region for checking the effectiveness of designed thermal management system of the battery pack. Keywords: Lithium ion battery, Battery thermal management system, electric vehicle, heat dissipation. I. INTRODUCTION Tropical climate or mega thermal climate is located around the equator with latitudes ranging from 25 0 south to 24 0 degrees north is a major climate groups with almost 40% of global surface with 40% of global population which falls on high monthly average temperatures of 18℃ or higher with high levels of precipitation.[1,2] The countries in this range are fast developing and are also experiencing higher demand for portable and stationery energy storage systems for their communication, renewable energy and mobility growth. Mobility growth starts with basic two wheelers are for personal transportation where as three wheelers are for small last mile connectivity as well as point to point transportation. The demand for Lithium ion batteries which is the main driver for electric vehicle propulsion is expected to be 213 GWh in 2020 and rise to 794 GWh in 2025[3]. Lithium ion batteries for electric vehicle are most suitable because of several advantages like high energy density and long cycle life over other technology batteries but temperature raise in cell as well as battery pack poses several challenges. While low temperature affects the performance, life and reliability but higher or abnormal temperature may cause explosion or fire and raises severe safety concern.
Electric Vehicle Lithium Ion Batteries Thermal Management
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2014
The lithium ion batteries, thanks to their high densities and high power, became promotes element for hybrid-electric and plug-in electric vehicles. Thermal management of lithium ion battery is important for many reasons, including thermal runaway, performance and maintains a constant temperature during the operating, security, lifecycle. However, in a battery pack, the batteries are stacked against each other without cooling surfaces except the outer surface of the package and the cell in the center of pack are exposed to overheating and thermal runaway. After several recent researches, it has been proved that lithium ion batteries are currently confronts a problem of temperature rise during their operation discharge, which affects the batteries performance, efficiency and reduces the life of lithium ion batteries. However, this work is set to access the three dimensional analytical modeling based on Green's Function technique to study the thermal behavior of lithium ion battery during discharge with different discharge rates (0.3C, C/2, 1C, 2C) and strategies natural convection cooling on the surface of the battery is performed.