Burns: Classification, Pathophysiology, and Treatment: A Review (original) (raw)
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Burn assessment: A critical review on care, advances in burn healing and pre-clinical animal studies
Journal of Research in Pharmacy
Burn, a severe skin injury due to electricity, radiation, chemicals, or friction, may lead to the death of affected skin cells. Burns are a painful and crucial problem which causes disabilities. Sometimes, burns may also associate with the mortality of burn-injured patients. First-degree, second-degree, and third-degree are three categories of burns. First-degree burns (superficial burns) create minor skin damage as it affects the only uppermost layer of skin, and domestic care is sufficient for the treatment. Second-degree burns have injuries beyond the upper layer of skin, and third-degree burns reach every layer of skin, including nerve injuries that require critical care in treatment. Burn injuries are not limited to local; they may also give systemic responses and cause serious problems. Microbial infection is the most severe challenge associated with second and third-degree burns injuries. The ultimate goal for treating burn injuries is re-epithelialization with minimum tissue scarring. Selection of the appropriate treatment will be based on the extremity of the burn injury. The most prevalent and effective treatment is topical agents containing mafenide acetate, silver sulfadiazine, silver nitrate, etc. Skin substitutes, negative pressure wound therapy, and skin grafting are advanced treatments for burn injuries. Burn treatment is also associated with complications such as infection, dehydration, low body temperature, and emotional problems. Animal studies for burn models are performed using rabbits, rats, and pigs. This may be an effective way to find out the new forms of burn treatment, including assessing newly developed formulations.
Burn injury: review of pathophysiology and therapeutic modalities in major burns
Annals of burns and fire disasters, 2017
Despite a considerable decrease in their incidence worldwide, burn injuries remain one of the commonest forms of trauma and account for a weighty proportion of trauma cases in health-care emergencies around the globe. Although the latest data reveal a substantial decline in burn-related mortality and hospital admissions in the US over the past three decades, severe thermal injuries continue to trigger devastating morbidity and significant mortality while their management remains a dynamic challenge for the entire medical and paramedical community. Concrete evidence continues to be established regarding burn-associated pathophysiologic responses, and their destructive sequelae and deleterious effects in survivors at cellular, systemic as well as socio-economic level. Better understanding of these responses have contributed to advances in therapeutic strategies, improved long-term outcomes and catalyzed the reintegration of victims back into society. This paper describes the current u...
The biology of burn injury: Biology of burn injury
Experimental Dermatology, 2010
Please cite this paper as: The biology of burn injury. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 777–783.Abstract: Burn injury is a complex traumatic event with various local and systemic effects, affecting several organ systems beyond the skin. The pathophysiology of the burn patient shows the full spectrum of the complexity of inflammatory response reactions. In the acute phase, inflammation mechanism may have negative effects because of capillary leak, the propagation of inhalation injury and the development of multiple organ failure. Attempts to mediate these processes remain a central subject of burn care research. Conversely, inflammation is a necessary prologue and component in the later-stage processes of wound healing. In this review, we are attempting to present the current science of burn wound pathophysiology and wound healing. We also describe the evolution of innovative strategies for burn management.
Relationship of ascorbic acid, uric acid, lipid peroxidation and burn size in thermal injury.
Thermal injury is a severe form of trauffi&, which not only destroys the cutaneous barrier but also leads to various systemic changes. A prospective study was carried out in 53 hospitalized burn patients. Serum level of TBARS, uric acid and ascorbic acid were estimated in the patients along with 25 normal healthy controls. The values were analyzed along with estimates of burn size (% TBSA). There was a good correlation of TBARS (r = 0.629) and uric acid (r : 0.724) with the burn size while a poor correlation of ascorbic acid (r : -0.519) with the burn size was observed. These changes in serum TBARS and uric acid are a reflection of increased free radical activity in thermal injury.
Managing Burns and Related Complications in Emergency
2019
A burn is a thermal injury caused by biological, chemical, electrical and physical agents with local and systemic repercussions. They have a greater incidence in economically and culturally marginalized countries. Knowing the kind of burn is vital for effective management. Following a burn, there's a huge production of free radicals that is harmful and involved in inflammation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, immunosuppression, infection and sepsis, tissue injury and multiple organ failure. The aim of first aid is cessation of the burning process, cool the burn,(relieve the pain),and cover the burn. Treatment with cutaneous grafts focuses on avoiding granulation phase where there is contraction of wound. The definitive treatment of burns is tangential excision and early grafting, since they are the only measures that decrease the metabolic demand, infections, hospital stay and morbidity. Basic science studies have slowly begun to uncover the complex mechanisms involved ...
Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery / Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Dergisi, 2016
A burn is characterized by the damage to one's body tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. The incidence of burn injuries has recently been decreasing. However, it is a fact that burns constitute a significant problem all over the world, with a few million people being affected by burns each year. A burn is an extensive trauma that affects the whole organism and determines the prognosis through its physiopathology. The case of the burn patient is also characterized by the acute phase response. Since burn patients have a non-functional skin barrier, they experience loss of liquids, minerals, proteins and electrolytes. They can also develop protein, energy and micro-nutrition deficiencies due to intense catabolic processes, infections and increased bodily needs in case of wound healing. Therefore, nutritional therapy is one of the major steps that need to be monitored from the initial moments of the burn injury through to the end of the burn treatment. This study focuses on the significance of nutritional therapy for burn patients in the light of current literature.
Therapy for patients with burns - an integrating review
Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 2019
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: to identify, through an integrative review, national studies published over the last ten years highlighting products and therapies used in burns. METHODS: integrative research with studies published in the last ten years. Including clinical studies describing the use of the already established or innovative therapies in burns and the results obtained, published in national journals in the last ten years. Excluding articles published before 2007 and those that did not present results regarding the use of products in burns. RESULTS: ten articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Collagenase, 1% silver sulfadiazine, and porous cellulose membrane were some of the therapies cited. CONCLUSION: the casuistry was low; however, the good results obtained with porous cellulose membrane and silver nanocrystalline dressing are highlighted, since they were used in a larger number of patients in the studies evaluated.