Improvement of magnetorheological greases with superparamagnetic nanoparticles (original) (raw)

Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of palm kernel oil basic soap into drop-in fuel

MATEC Web of Conferences

Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps derived from palm kernel oil to produce dropin fuel was investigated. The C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester had been used as the model compounds of this study. The purpose of this study was to produce drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps from palm kernel oils. In this study, two types of Magnesium-Zinc metal combination were used for preparing the basic soaps, both directly have a role as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 3 hours in the semi-batch reactor. Approximately 41 and 43 weight% of the yield and selectivity of about 97 and 98% toward the jets biofuel had been obtained in both experiments, respectively. The results showed that decarboxylation of basic soaps of C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester were converted into drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel in the relatively good yield of conversion.

Thermal Catalytic Decarboxylation of MG-ZN Basic Soap to Produce Drop-In Fuels in Jet Fuel Boiling Ranges

2017

Deoxygenation of Fatty acid or their derivatives is a method for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels such as jet biofuel, green diesel and biogasoline. In the present commercial method, deoxygenation is directly applied to vegetable oils through liquid phase hydrotreatment. This method is expensive because it requires the use of problematic sulfided catalysts and high pressure of hydrogen and requires severe operating conditions. The objective of this study was to produce alkane biohydrocarbons, particularly jet fuel that can be considered to be drop-in replacements for petroleum-based jet fuel components, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap. Specifically, this study investigated the decarboxylation of the basic soap at mild operating conditions without external supply of hydrogen. The Mg-Zn basic soap (9/1 mol ratio of Mg/Zn) was derived from fatty acid methyl esters C12/C16 of palm kernel oil and decarboxylated for 3 hours at atmospheric pressure and temper...

Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) coated with fatty acids and surfactants and their application in demulsification of crude oil and water emulsions

Journal of Applied Research in Water and WAstewater, 2023

Crude oil is released into the water sources during exploration, extraction or displacement operations due to the partial dissolution, and it can remain as a layer on the surface of the water or become emulsive. Crude oil emulsion is very stable due to the presence of asphaltene and cannot be removed by the common methods. In this research, iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyoxyethylene (POE), by using the same method. After synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles and coating their surface with fatty acids and surfactants, we have tried to break the crude oil emulsion in water and remove the crude oil from the environment by adsorption via these nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta potential devices were used to identify nanoparticles and their characteristics. Demulsification of crude oil in water (O/W) with nanoparticles coated with fatty acids and surfactants was studied. UV-Vis spectrophotometery was used to determine the amount of crude oil adsorption by nanoparticles. From the results, the nanoparticles coated with the fatty acids with smaller chains could more absorb the crude oil. The highest adsorption (98.03 %) was recorded for iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyoxyethylene (Fe3O4@POE) and the lowest percentage (46.69 %) is related to the nanoparticles coated with palmitic acid in an alkaline medium. Alkalinization of the medium while coating the nanoparticles with fatty acid has increased only the efficiency in the case of oleic acid while led to a significant decrease in the efficiency for palmitic and stearic acids compared to the neutral state.

Thermal catalytic decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap to produce drop-in fuels in diesel boiling ranges

Fatty acid deoxygenation is a method for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels such as green diesel, jet biofuel and biogasoline. In the present commercial method, deoxygenation is directly applied to vegetable oils through liquid phase hydrotreatment. This method is expensive because it consumes a lot of hydrogen and requires severe operating conditions. The objective of this study was to produce alkane bio-hydrocarbons that can be considered to be drop-in replacements for petroleum-based fuels components, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap. Specifically, this study investigated the decarboxylation of the basic soap at mild operating conditions without external supply of hydrogen. The Mg-Zn basic soap (9/1 mol ratio of Mg/Zn) was derived from palm stearin and decarboxylated for 5 hours at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 250 to 350 o C. The basic soap effectively decarboxylated yielding a diesel-type bio-hydrocarbons, with a liquid product yield of 62%-weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product is a complex mixture consisting of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C8-C20, iso-paraffins and the various olefin products.

Catalytic and Thermal Decarboxylation of Mg-Zn Basic Soap to Produce Drop-in Fuel in Diesel Boiling Ranges

Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences

Fatty acid deoxygenation is a method for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels such as green diesel, jet biofuel and biogasoline. In the present commercial method, deoxygenation is directly applied to vegetable oils through liquid phase hydrotreatment. This method is expensive because it consumes a large amount of hydrogen and requires severe operating conditions. The objective of this study was the production of a diesel-like hydrocarbon fuel that can be considered as drop-in replacement for petroleum-based diesel fuels, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap. In particular, this study investigated the decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap at low temperature and pressure, without external supply of hydrogen. The Mg-Zn basic soap (9/1 mole ratio of Mg/Zn) was derived from palm stearin and decarboxylated at 350 °C and atmospheric pressure for 5 hours. The basic soap effectively decarboxylated, yielding a diesel-like hydrocarbon fuel with a liquid product yield of 62%weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product is a complex mixture consisting of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C 8-C 19 , iso-paraffins and various olefin products.

Production of Sustainable Diesel via Decarboxylation of Palm Stearin Basic Soaps

Energy & Fuels, 2019

Production of sustainable diesel was conducted via hydrogen-free decarboxylation of palm stearin basic soaps. Metal soaps are alkaline earth and transition metal salts combined with carboxylic acids with 7 to 22 carbon atoms. Stearin basic soaps were prepared by direct reaction of palm stearin and mixed metal (Ca, Mg, and Zn) hydroxides. The stearin basic soaps were decarboxylated at 370 °C for 5 h to produce liquid crude bio-hydrocarbon, also known as sustainable diesel. The stearin basic soaps were characterized by FTIR and TGA, and the resulted liquid bio-hydrocarbons were analyzed by GC equipped with FID. The hydroxyl band at 3678 cm-1 observed from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that the Ca/Mg/Zn ions was associated with the-OH ions in the compounds. This proved that the soaps produced from this work was basic metal soaps. The thermal stability of the soaps was examined up to 1000 °C and the decomposition of stearin basic soaps was observed in the range of 300 to 500 °C. The metal contained in the basic soaps affected their thermal characteristics. Liquid crude bio-hydrocarbon with carbon chain length between 8-20 have been obtained from decarboxylation of stearin basic soaps. In this study, the decarboxylation of stearin basic soaps resulted in sustainable diesel as the main product. This promising process is expected to open plethora opportunities in the production of sustainable diesel.

Biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate using enzyme immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles

SN Applied Sciences

The present study deals with the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using immobilized lipase on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to produce biodiesel in a cleaner and more environmentally friendly way. Commercially available lipase CALB EX was used for immobilization of lipase on MNPs. The effect of various reaction parameters including the methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, biocatalyst loading, reaction temperature, and agitation speed was examined using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. Maximum PFAD conversion of 82.74% was achieved under mild reaction conditions, with a methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 1.6:1, biocatalyst loading of 8 wt% (lipase content 0.45 wt%), agitation speed of 150 rpm, reaction temperature of 50 °C, and reaction time of 10 h. The catalytic activity of MNP-CALB EX was compared with commercial Amberlyst-15 under similar reaction conditions. It was observed that MNP-CALB EX achieved 2.6-fold higher conversion than Amberlyst-15. The reusability of the immobilized biocatalyst was also tested to determine cost feasibility. It was observed that the immobilized biocatalyst could be used up to five cycles, with residual conversion of 80.19% in the fifth cycle.

Influence of nanosized iron oxides (II, III) on conversion of biodegradated oil

Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019

In the given paper, we evaluate the efficiency of iron oxide (magnetite in the form of water suspension) nanoparticles (50-120 nm) in intensification of cracking reactions of heavy components of biodegradated oil. The physical simulation of thermal influence on heavy oil in the presence of synthesized catalyst (concentration ¼ 0.3%) was carried out in autoclave at temperature ranges of 150-300 and reaction period of 24 hours. According to the results of SARA-analysis and dynamic viscosity measurements, the destructive hydrogenation processes that were catalyzed by iron oxide were conducted already at 200. However, the significant effect was achieved at 300 (the degree of viscosity reduction was higher than 67%).

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Biodiesel Production from Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) Seed Oil

article, 2021

Magnetic iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared ((FT-IR), UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The synthesized nano catalyst was used in the transesterification of mahogany seed oil with methanol. The optimized reaction conditions gave a reaction yield of 88% at a catalyst concentration of 1.5% wt., a volume ratio of methanol to oil of 5:1, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a reaction time of 120 minutes. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles was regenerated from the mixture and reused for various circles by applying the optimum conditions obtained during the present study. The results showed that the biodiesel yield decreased by increasing the number of cycles when the regenerated catalyst was used. However, good conversion (81.9%) was obtained up to the 5th cycles. The elemental analysis of the synthesized magnetic iron nanoparticles Fe3O4) revealed the highest proportion of iron with 64.37 and 74.40% for atomic and weight concentration respectively, followed by oxygen with 34.27 and 24.50% for atomic and weight concentrations respectively. It could be concluded that the synthesized nano catalyst would serve as an excellent catalyst for the transesterification of vegetable oils.