Production of Sustainable Diesel via Decarboxylation of Palm Stearin Basic Soaps (original) (raw)
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Fatty acid deoxygenation is a method for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels such as green diesel, jet biofuel and biogasoline. In the present commercial method, deoxygenation is directly applied to vegetable oils through liquid phase hydrotreatment. This method is expensive because it consumes a lot of hydrogen and requires severe operating conditions. The objective of this study was to produce alkane bio-hydrocarbons that can be considered to be drop-in replacements for petroleum-based fuels components, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap. Specifically, this study investigated the decarboxylation of the basic soap at mild operating conditions without external supply of hydrogen. The Mg-Zn basic soap (9/1 mol ratio of Mg/Zn) was derived from palm stearin and decarboxylated for 5 hours at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 250 to 350 o C. The basic soap effectively decarboxylated yielding a diesel-type bio-hydrocarbons, with a liquid product yield of 62%-weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product is a complex mixture consisting of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C8-C20, iso-paraffins and the various olefin products.
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences
Fatty acid deoxygenation is a method for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels such as green diesel, jet biofuel and biogasoline. In the present commercial method, deoxygenation is directly applied to vegetable oils through liquid phase hydrotreatment. This method is expensive because it consumes a large amount of hydrogen and requires severe operating conditions. The objective of this study was the production of a diesel-like hydrocarbon fuel that can be considered as drop-in replacement for petroleum-based diesel fuels, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap. In particular, this study investigated the decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap at low temperature and pressure, without external supply of hydrogen. The Mg-Zn basic soap (9/1 mole ratio of Mg/Zn) was derived from palm stearin and decarboxylated at 350 °C and atmospheric pressure for 5 hours. The basic soap effectively decarboxylated, yielding a diesel-like hydrocarbon fuel with a liquid product yield of 62%weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product is a complex mixture consisting of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C 8-C 19 , iso-paraffins and various olefin products.
Molecules
The production of sustainable diesel without hydrogen addition remains a challenge for low-cost fuel production. In this work, the pyrolysis of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) basic soaps was studied for the production sustainable diesel (bio-hydrocarbons). UFAs were obtained from palm fatty acids distillate (PFAD), which was purified by the fractional crystallization method. Metal hydroxides were used to make basic soap composed of a Ca, Mg, and Zn mixture with particular composition. The pyrolysis reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure and various temperatures from 375 to 475 °C. The liquid products were obtained with the best yield (58.35%) at 425 °C and yield of diesel fraction 53.4%. The fatty acids were not detected in the pyrolysis liquid product. The gas product consisted of carbon dioxide and methane. The liquid products were a mixture of hydrocarbon with carbon chains in the range of C7 and C20 containing n-alkane, alkene, and iso-alkane.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
The direct and double decomposition process of palm stearin oil were evaluated for the production of basic soaps as a decarboxylation feedstock to drop-in fuel produce. The metals proposed for the saponification reaction was magnesium which has a high-basicity and is a lowcost metal. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy profile of the Mg(OH)-stearin basic soaps obtained by both direct and double decomposition processes showed hydrocarbon groups such as alkanes and alkene, without the oxygenate groups. The basic soap products generated by the double decomposition process showed better basicity level which was determined based on the IR spectrum intensity, especially of the-OH group. The type of saponification process used in the resulted basic soaps can provide a different effect on the generated basic soaps characteristic.
Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of palm kernel oil basic soap into drop-in fuel
MATEC Web of Conferences
Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps derived from palm kernel oil to produce dropin fuel was investigated. The C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester had been used as the model compounds of this study. The purpose of this study was to produce drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps from palm kernel oils. In this study, two types of Magnesium-Zinc metal combination were used for preparing the basic soaps, both directly have a role as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 3 hours in the semi-batch reactor. Approximately 41 and 43 weight% of the yield and selectivity of about 97 and 98% toward the jets biofuel had been obtained in both experiments, respectively. The results showed that decarboxylation of basic soaps of C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester were converted into drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel in the relatively good yield of conversion.
In this work, soap was converted into a hydrocarbon-rich product through catalytic pyrolysis using cement as a catalyst. The intention was to develop a new economical and effective method for preparing diesel and gasoline from soap-waste in food processing. The optimum conditions for pyrolysis were investigated in a batch process under static conditions at different reactor temperatures, catalyst amounts, and reaction durations. The resulting oil product was analyzed using GC-FID, GC-MS, and FTIR. The best yield occurred at a reaction temperature of 400 °C for 60 min with 0.3 g/g (30 mass%) catalyst in soap waste, which resulted in 0.71 g/g (71 mass%) hydrocarbons with small fractions of pyran, ketone, and oxygenated compounds of mixed functional groups. The resulting liquid pyrolysate mainly consisted of diesel-like oil with a small fraction of gasoline and some oils that had boiling-point temperature ranges similar to kerosene. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved Keywords: resource recovery, soap scum, oil and fatty waste, pyrolysis.
High Selectivity of Alkanes Production by Calcium Basic Soap Thermal Decarboxylation
MATEC Web of Conferences
Renewable fuel production from vegetable oil and fat or its fatty acids by direct decarboxylation has been widely reported. An innovative approach to produce drop-in fuel via thermal catalytic decarboxylation of basic soap derived from palm stearin reported in this research. The catalytic effect of the calcium and magnesium metals in the basic soap and its decarboxylation on drop-in fuel yield and product distribution was studied. The catalytic effect was tested in the temperature range up to 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 5 hours in a batch reactor. It has been proved that the calcium basic soap decarboxylation, effectively produce the drop-in fuel in carbon ranges C8 – C20, in which more than 78% selectivity toward alkane. Whereas, only 70% selectivity toward alkane has been resulted from the magnesium basic soap decarboxylation.
2017
Deoxygenation of Fatty acid or their derivatives is a method for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels such as jet biofuel, green diesel and biogasoline. In the present commercial method, deoxygenation is directly applied to vegetable oils through liquid phase hydrotreatment. This method is expensive because it requires the use of problematic sulfided catalysts and high pressure of hydrogen and requires severe operating conditions. The objective of this study was to produce alkane biohydrocarbons, particularly jet fuel that can be considered to be drop-in replacements for petroleum-based jet fuel components, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap. Specifically, this study investigated the decarboxylation of the basic soap at mild operating conditions without external supply of hydrogen. The Mg-Zn basic soap (9/1 mol ratio of Mg/Zn) was derived from fatty acid methyl esters C12/C16 of palm kernel oil and decarboxylated for 3 hours at atmospheric pressure and temper...
Heliyon
Pyrolysis is one of the available technologies to convert oleic basic soap into gasoline-compatible fuel. In this research, the process mentioned was applied using the mixture of Ca, Mg, Zn in the production of oleic basic soap. The reactions were carried out in a batch glass reactor at atmospheric pressure at the temperature of 450 C. Meanwhile, the basic soaps were made by reacting oleic acid mixed with metal hydroxides. The parameters observed were the Research Octane Number (RON) of bio-gasoline and the hydrocarbon content in the liquid product. The higher the octane number is, the better gasoline resists detonation and the smoother the engine runs. As observed, pyrolysis of oleic basic soap produced gasoline range hydrocarbon. GC-DHA results indicated that the highest RON (89.6) was achieved with Ca/Mg/Zn ratio of 0.15:0.85:1 (Ca-metal ratio of 0.15 mol). The products of the pyrolysis process comprised bio-hydrocarbon, solid residue, water, and gas. The bio-hydrocarbon contents were paraffin (5.9 wt%), iso-paraffin (31.3 wt%), olefin (18.5 wt%), naphthene (25.3 wt%), and aromatic compounds (15.3 wt%).
Thermal behaviour of metal soaps from biodegradable rubber seed oil
Journal of Thermal and Analytical Calorimetry, 2010
Soaps are a class of surface active compounds derived from natural oils and fats. Double decomposition reactions permit the synthesis of metallic soaps, which are long-chain carboxylates of metal ions, from alkaline ones such as sodium, potassium or ammonium soaps. Metallic soaps are commercially important as they find use in diverse applications such as driers in paints or inks, components of lubricating greases, heat stabilizers for plastics (especially PVC), catalysts and water proofing agents, fuel additives and cosmetic products amongst others. Many of these applications are related to the thermal properties of these compounds and the thermal behaviour of metal soaps in terms of decomposition processes is of great importance. Rubber seed oil (RSO) which is an unsaturated triglyceride abundantly available in Nigeria, India and Australia is an excellent starting material for metal soaps. In this study rubber seed oil having 2.2% myristic acid, 7.6% palmitic acid, 10.7% stearic acid, 20.61% oleic acid, 36.62% linoleic acid, 22.5% linolenic acid was used in making barium, calcium, cadmium and zinc soaps. The thermal behaviour of soaps (Ba, Ca, Cd and Zn) of rubber seed oil for use as additives in the processing of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated by thermal gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The stability of the soaps was examined by thermogravimetry up to 873 K at a constant heating rate of 10 °C min-1. The soaps were found to be thermally stable up to 473 K as they recorded less than 5% mass loss at this temperature with values of apparent activation energy for decomposition varying from 52 to 96 kJ mol-1. Differential scanning calorimetric studies of the soaps revealed melting and decomposition behaviour of metal soaps.