Implementation of the European Youth Guarantee and the Right to Work: A Comparative Analysis of Traineeship Programmes Under the EU Active Labour Market Policy (original) (raw)
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Since its launch in 2013, the Youth Guarantee has supported millions of young people across the European Union (EU) to find a job, a traineeship, an apprenticeship or to continue in education. Yet despite this, too many young Europeans are still without work. Across the EU, more effort is needed so that all young people can benefit from quality offers under the Youth Guarantee. This report is one in a series of five reports on Youth Guarantee delivery, presenting existing practices from the ground from the first five years of its implementation. It outlines lessons learnt, challenges and success factors, aiming to inspire and help all actors involved in delivering the Youth Guarantee. The report looks at how traineeship schemes can be successful learning experiences for young people, in supporting them to acquire essential skills for the labour market. It also takes a look at different measures that contribute to the quality of traineeships and prevent their misuse.
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The recommendation to establish a Youth Guarantee was adopted by the Council in April 2013 in response to unprecedented levels of youth unemployment, which reached 23.5 per cent in Europe at the end of 2012, rising to more than 50 per cent in some countries. The European Youth Guarantee is a commitment by Member States to ensure that all young people receive a good offer of apprenticeship, training, continued education or employment that is suited to their abilities and experience within four months of becoming unemployed or leaving education. The Youth Guarantee is one of the most innovative labour market policies of recent years, and has received strong social support. Indeed, it arrived at a moment when an urgent and radical response was needed to address the detrimental long-lasting consequences of long-term unemployment, such as permanent future income losses, skills erosion and the increased risk of discouragement and inactivity. The aim of this article is to examine the main features of this programme, with a special focus on the factors that are key to its success, namely: early intervention, identification of the right target groups, good institutional frameworks, high quality programmes and sufficient resources. In particular, we assess the extent to which these factors are embedded into the various implementation plans published by the European countries in question. Our analysis shows that although the majority of implementation plans include the recommended combination of capacity building and employment intermediation measures, as well as the creation of adequate institutional frameworks, countries' allocation of resources for the programmes as reported in their implementation plans is not sufficient to match the recommendations. In fact, this article estimates that the gap accumulated by countries analysed that reported less than what is recommended to achieve the desired objective of reducing youth unemployment, amounts to 7.3 billion euros (PPP).
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The Youth Guarantee is a policy agreed by all European Union (EU) Member States in 2013 to reduce the high numbers of young people who cannot find a job or are not even trying to find one. The Youth Guarantee seeks to help, especially by reducing the duration of youth unemployment or inactivity. This OSE Working Paper reviews the main lessons learned and explores what should be done in the coming years. It explains why the Youth Guarantee should be understood as a structural reform aiming to improve the (often long and complicated) process of transiting from school to work. It reflects on what it would take for the Youth Guarantee to be fully implemented despite the great diversity of labour market situations across the EU. Finally, it argues that the Youth Guarantee will only bear fruit with sustained political commitment and adequate implementation effort – including administrative capacity, financial resources and active involvement of all players concerned. Our main argument and plea towards current policy-makers is not to forget the original level of ambition and to step up efforts so that the Youth Guarantee scheme reaches many more young people than in its first years.
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Overview of the Implementation of the EU Youth Strategy in the Field of Employment. This paper provides an overview of the implementation of the EU Youth Strategy for the promotion of youth employment and entrepreneurship in the EU Member States and four non-EU states: Croatia 2 , Montenegro, Norway and Switzerland. It relies upon the National Reports (NRs) presenting the policy initiatives designed and accomplished during the first cycle (2010-2012) in these countries and submitted in response to a questionnaire developed by the European Commission (EC) and an examination of policy documents, academic literature and statistical data. The comparative analysis reveals a shared awareness of the gravity of the problems accumulated in the labour market integration of young people and attests to the enormous efforts put forward on European, national, regional and local levels for overcoming youth disadvantage. It also highlights the opportunities created by sharing good practices and fostering of cooperation among all policy actors for supporting the young generation to make a successful entry in the world of work.
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The European Youth Guarantee (YG) is one of the most innovative labour market policies of recent years. It arrived at a time when an urgent and radical response was needed to address the detrimental long-lasting consequences of long-term unemployment. This article examines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of past youth guarantee experiences, as well as the few existing evaluations of the YG, to identify the factors that are key to their success. We then assess whether the key success factors are embedded into the implementation plans published by the European countries and the extent to which these objectives have been met in practice. Our analysis shows that while most of countries have established clear eligibility criteria and appropriate institutional frameworks, and are providing a comprehensive package of measures, many of them are still facing challenges when meeting the objectives of early intervention and effective enforcement mechanisms. Finally, although countries’...
2007
The EU experience with youth unemployment has changed over recent years with the launch and re-launch of the Lisbon Strategy and the Bologna process. A dramatic shift has taken place from the 1990s emphasis on labour market flexibility as a tool to abate youth long term unemployment to the more recent stress on the importance of increasing the human capital endowment via a deep reform of education and training systems. This shift is also taking place worldwide, since, as recent studies show, labour market flexibility can increase employability when the human capital level of young people is sufficiently high. To reduce the "experience gap" between young and adult people, the education systems should become of a higher quality, more inclusive to reduce the dropout rate, homogeneous to other EU countries to favour labour mobility, flexible to allow young people to better find the best match, and contemplate the duality principle, by providing training together with education, to favour smoother school-to-work transitions. Apprenticeships schemes, fiscal incentives to hire the youth unemployed as well as on-the-job training schemes should help reach objectives that cannot be guaranteed simply via an increase in labour market flexibility.
Study on Youth Work in the EU Final report Executive Summary
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This study constitutes the second European-wide comparison on youth work published by the European Commission. The first European Commission study on youth work, published in 2014, was an exploratory investigation of youth work at European level, seeking to identify commonalities and to map the state of youth work policies across the EU. This second report goes further and focuses on the needs of youth workers at the grassroots level to critically analyse whether existing public policies fulfil these needs. This is a timely report: the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the youth work sector. It has forced youth workers to rethink how they provide their services, and placed many in a precarious position, particularly at the local level and for youth workers who support the most vulnerable young people. Project Director: Dr Shane Beadle Advisors: Prof. Tomaž Deželan Dr Tomi Kiilakoski Sladjana Petkovic Dr Manfred Zetner Project Manager: Dr Cécile McGrath
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Youth work is a polyvalent and multi-facetted practice. It takes place in a wide range of settings, varies from unstructured activities to fairly structured programmes, reaches a diverse array of young people, touches upon many different themes and cuts across several other disciplines and practices. This versatility is one of the strengths of youth work, but at the same time it may lead to fragmentation and product vagueness.
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The article focuses on the introduction and usage of the so-called "NEET" (Neither in Employment nor in Education and Training) concept in the European Union. The term itself comes with several issues connected with its proper definition, or the negative connotations associated with it. Since 2011, the group of young people from the age of 15 to 29 who are in NEET status has been the highest priority in the EU youth employment policy and was referred to in many of the Union's policy documents, despite no research having been done on the NEET phenomena before the introduction of this concept; whether at the EU level, or in any of the Member States except for the United Kingdom (the UK), where it was used in reference to teenagers ranging in age from 16 to 18. The main point of introducing the NEET concept in the Union is supposed to be drawing the attention of policymakers and European society to this particular group of young Europeans. This article presents some negative issues connected with the concept's usage, like: assuming the "normal" way of youth development to only be working, studying, or training, which applies some negative connotations associated with this term in a number of EU countries, oblivious of other groups in difficult positions, or associating NEETs with social exclusion. Moreover, the article analyses the implementation in the Union of a flagship initiative to deal with the so called "NEET crisis"-the Youth Guarantee.