Quantitative determinations of anti-Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus antibody levels in men who have sex with men (original) (raw)
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Seroepidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
Seminars in Cancer Biology, 1999
Since the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus KSHV ) also referred to as HHV-8, human herpesvirus-8 was discovered it has been shown that the virus is associated with ( ) all cases of Kaposi's sarcoma KS classical, endemic, or AIDS associated. In the numerous countries where the seroprevalence of this virus has been studied, data demonstrate that the virus is not ubiquitous in general healthy human populations as is the case with other human herpesviruses. Many seroprevalence studies to detect antibodies to HHV-8 have now been conducted using a variety of immunologic techniques. While these assays are not in total agreement and may overstate or understate the positivity of sera in the general population, they all show similar general antibody trends. For general populations the seroprevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is the highest, approximately 40% positive; in Mediterranean countries the seroprevalence is approximately 10%; whereas northern European, southeast Asian, and Caribbean countries have seroprevalence rates in the 2᎐4% range. In the United States, a ' mixing bowl' country the seroprevalence is in the range of 5᎐20%. In people with KS whether AIDS associated, classical, or endemic and other HHV-8 associated diseases such as multicentric Castleman's disease and certain body cavity lympho-( ) ( ) mas BCL , also called primary effusion lymphoma PEL the seroprevalency rates are ) 90%. In populations with HIV-1 infection but no diagnosis of KS, the seroprevalency ( ) rates are elevated 20᎐50% above those in the general population except in southeast Asia and the Caribbean where no AIDS associated KS has been reported. No correlation has been found between the presence of KSHV antibodies and other malignancies. Key words: HHV-8 r Kaposi's sarcoma r KSHV r seroepidemiology r seroprevalence ᮊ1999 Academic Press From the
Journal of Clinical Virology, 2005
Background: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), the eighth Herpesvirus found to infect humans. The molecular epidemiology of KSHV is related closely to ethnicity and geographical location of studied populations. There is little epidemiological and molecular information about KSHV strains circulating in Brazil. Objectives: To characterize KSHV strains isolated from AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) in São Paulo, Brazil, and to examine associations between KSHV subtypes, ethnicity and HIV risk categories. Methods: AIDS-KS patients were recruited consecutively at the largest AIDS reference hospital in São Paulo. Fragments (420 bp) of the VR1 and VR2 regions of KSHV open reading frame (ORF) K1 were amplified by nested PCR and sequenced directly. Results: We analysed 37 samples from 33 patients, and found subtypes A-C in 48%, 21% and 30% of patients respectively, including two patients infected with subtype A5, a first report from Brazil. Sexual orientation was associated with subtype: 12/14 (86%) patients with subtype A were male homo/bisexual, compared with 3/8 (38%) among patients infected with subtype C (P = 0.05). A higher proportion of male patients with subtype C were of Caucasian origin (7/8 (87%)), compared with 7/16 (44%) among male patients with subtype A (P = 0.08). Conclusions: This first detailed report of KSHV subtypes among AIDS-KS patients in Brazil reports the first isolation of KSHV subtype A5 in this country, and suggests KSHV strain transmission between different ethnic groups, and association of specific strains with sexual orientation.
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 2016
Background: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) remains the most common malignancy among HIV-infected patients. Human herpesvirus type-8 (HHV-8) is regarded as the infectious etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KSHV). Diagnostic procedures associated with KSHV are not routinely performed in HIV-infected subjects. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to obtain information on KSHV epidemiology in Iranian HIV-infected individuals. Patients and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 109 patients with established HIV infection, who visited a governmental and referral center for HIV screening in Tehran (Tehran west health center (TWHC)) between May 2014 and July 2015 were enrolled according to the convenience sample strategy. After peripheral blood collection, isolation of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) compartments, DNA extraction was performed. KSHV DNA was analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) using primers from ORF-26 (virus minor capsid). Results: Among all 109 HIV-infected patients, 67 (61.5%) were male, with an age range of 2-64 years (mean ± standard deviation 35.8 ± 13.3). KSHV DNA was found in PBMC and plasma samples of six (5.5%) and four (3.6%) patients, respectively. Conclusions: This study revealed a considerable prevalence of KSHV DNA, during latent and lytic phases, among HIV-infected patients. Risk factors for KSHV infection acquisition and concurrent. 0+infection with HIV were also evaluated. Diagnosis of KSHV in the group could be helpful for prognosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and clinical management.
Journal of Virology, 2002
Following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has significantly declined in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive (HIV-1 ؉ ) individuals and clinical remission is often observed. We hypothesize that these effects are partly due to anti-KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) immune restoration. Here, 15-mer overlapping peptides from proteins K12 and K8.1 were used to identify novel KSHV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. Three immunogenic peptides, two lytic and one latent, were subsequently used to monitor the anti-KSHV CD8 ؉ T-cell responses in a cohort of 19 HIV-1 ؉ KSHV ؉/؊ KS ؉/؊ individuals during 52 weeks of HAART. KSHV and HIV-1 loads, KSHV antibody titers, and both CD4 ؉ and CD8 ؉ T-lymphocyte counts were enumerated. Prior to HAART, the total number of spot-forming cells (SFC) for all three peptides correlated with both CD4 ؉ and CD8 ؉ T-lymphocyte counts (P < 0.05) in the KSHV-positive KS-positive cohort (n ؍ 11). Following 52 weeks of HAART, significant decreases in HIV-1 and KSHV loads were associated with significant increases in CD4 ؉ T-lymphocyte counts and number of SFC for the three KSHV-specific peptides. Although these increases were modest in comparison to the number of SFC observed with the HIV-1 gag peptide SLYNTVATL, they represented a fourfold increase from the baseline, continuing an upward trend to week 52.
A total of 603 serum samples obtained from 12 dierent patient and control groups, including potentially cross-reactive sera, were tested for the presence of antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV-8). The assays used were an inhouse immuno¯uorescence test (IFT) employing latent KSHV antigens and a prototype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) coated with recombinant latency-associated KSHV nuclear antigen (LANA, open reading frame 73) and the K8.1 protein. Sera giving discrepant results were additionally tested with two commercial IFTs employing KSHV latent and lytic antigens, respectively. The low KSHV seroprevalence rate found in blood donors (3.0% by in-house IFT, 2.0% by recombinant ELISA) was comparable to that found previously in Western European countries. The highest KSHV seroprevalence rates were found in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (100% by both assays), followed by HIV-infected men without Kaposi's sarcoma (23.3% by in-house IFT and 17.8% by ELISA) and women (15.7% by in-house IFT and 13.7% by ELISA). Overall correlation between both assays was 91.2%, with the highest rate of discordant results occurring in HIV-infected male subjects. Retesting of the 53 discrepant samples by the commercial IFTs revealed the best, albeit low, correlation between the in-house IFT and the commercial latent antigen IFT and poor correlations between the other assays. Apart from patients with autoimmune antibodies, there was no signi®cant degree of non-speci®c reactivity in either of the KSHV tests due to antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6. Despite the lack of a``gold standard'' for KSHV antibody detection, the fact that the results obtained overall agreed rather well indicates their suitability for conducting seroepidemiological studies.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2011
Background-Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seropositivity and lytic antibody titer are predictors for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Methods-We examined demographic, viral and immunological factors that influence KSHV latent and lytic antibodies in HIV-infected patients. Results-Detection rate of KSHV latent but not lytic antibodies was lower in patients with CD4 cells/mm 3 ≤200 than >200 (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.61) and CD8 cells/mm 3 ≤400 than >400 (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07-0.67). Overall seropositivity rate was higher in patients with CD4 cells/mm 3 ≤200 than >200 (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.37-4.02) and HIV copies/mL >400 than ≤400 (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.09-2.65). Lytic antibody level was inversely correlated with CD4 count (P<0.001). Lytic seropositivity (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.35-4.50
Seroprevalence of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection among Blood Donors from Texas
Annals of Epidemiology, 2001
Objective. Little is known about the prevalence and distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection in the Caribbean. The aim of this study was to determine rates of KSHV seropositivity in various populations in Cuba. Methods. During the years 1998 to 2002 we screened serum samples from 410 subjects in Cuba. Serologic screening for KSHV antibodies was a two-step process using (1) indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) specifically reactive to the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by open reading frame 73 (ORF73), and (2) confirmatory immunoblot using recombinant KSHV ORF65.2, a lytically expressed, 20-kilodalton protein as the target antigen. Five different populations were studied: (1) 45 AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), (2) 154 HIV-1-infected patients without clinical evidence of KS, (3) 171 HIV-negative blood donors, (4) 27 consecutive kidney transplant recipients, who were HIVnegative, and (5) 13 contacts (sexual contacts or relatives) of the AIDS-KS-affected patients. Results. Among the 45 AIDS-KS subjects, 35 of them (77.8%) were KSHV-seropositive. Thirty-two of the 154 HIV-positive patients without KS (20.8% of them) were KSHV-seropositive, and 6 of the 13 contacts of KS-affected patients (46.2% of them) were infected with KSHV. In contrast to other researchers, we did not find in the populations that we studied in Cuba that KSHV seropositivity was associated with male homosexual or bisexual activity. We found high KSHV seropositivity rates among women reporting sexual contact with bisexual men and among men who had acquired an HIV infection in Africa. There were low rates of KSHV infection among the blood donors (1.2%) and the renal transplant recipients (0.0%). The low rates of KSHV infection that we found among the non-HIV-infected populations in Cuba are similar to patterns found in populations in Europe and in the United States. Conclusions. Together with similar results from Brazil, Jamaica, and the United States of America, our results suggest that KSHV infection is uncommon in some populations in the Western Hemisphere and that KSHV is largely confined to patients with AIDS-associated KS.
British Journal of Cancer, 2006
Antibody titres against Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were examined in people who subsequently developed Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, within randomised controlled trials of antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV). For each case of Kaposi's sarcoma (n ¼ 189) and each case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n ¼ 67), which developed after randomisation, one control was randomly selected from other trial participants, after matching for age, sex, ethnicity, mode of HIV transmission, type of treatment received and period of follow-up. Using sera taken an average of two and a half years before the diagnosis of cancer, titres of antibodies against KSHV latent (LANA) and lytic (K8.1) antigens and against EBV (VCA) antigens were investigated in relation to subsequent risks of cancer by calculating odds ratios (OR) using conditional logistic regression. Latent antibodies against KSHV were detectable among 38% (72 out of 189) of Kaposi's sarcoma cases and 12% (23 out of 189) of their controls (OR ¼ 4.4, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.3-8.3, Po0.001). The OR for Kaposi's sarcoma increased with increasing antilatent KSHV antibody titre (w 2 1 for trend ¼ 32.2, Po0.001). Lytic antibodies against KSHV were detectable among 33% (61 out of 187) of Kaposi's sarcoma cases and 19% (36 out of 187) of their controls (OR ¼ 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.4, P ¼ 0.003) and the OR for Kaposi's sarcoma increased with increasing antilytic KSHV antibody titre (w 2 1 for trend ¼ 6.2, P ¼ 0.02). Virtually, all cases and controls had anti-EBV antibodies detected and the OR for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with a doubling of the anti-EBV antibody titre was estimated to increase by a multiplicative factor of 1.3 (95% CI 0.9-1.7, P ¼ 0.1). Kaposi's sarcoma was not associated with antibody levels against EBV (P ¼ 0.4) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was not associated with antibodies against KSHV (latent P ¼ 0.3; lytic P ¼ 0.5). Adjustment for CD4 count at the time of sample collection made no material difference to any of the results. In conclusion, among human immunodeficiency virus infected people, high levels of antibodies against KSHV latent and lytic antigens are strongly associated with subsequent risk of Kaposi's sarcoma but not non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Antibody titre to EBV does not appear to be strongly associated with subsequent risk of Kaposi's sarcoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HIV infected people.
Infectious Agents and Cancer, 2008
The association of the human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV) serology with various malignancies in Tanzania is not currently well established while previous studies were based on either PCR or immunofluorescence assays [IFA] but not with a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Selected archival diagnostic biopsies (n = 184) and sera from indigenous patients with KS (n = 120), non-KS tumors (n = 24) and non-neoplastic lesions (n = 40) at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Tanzania, were evaluated by diagnostic histopathology, immunohistology [anti-HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA)] and serology for HIV (ELISA) and HHV-8 (IFA and ELISA).