LABORTORY MANUAL (original) (raw)
The scientifically literate person uses the processes of science in making decisions, solving problems, and expanding an understanding of nature. The Laboratory Manual utilizes many processes of science in all of the lab activities. Throughout this manual, you are asked to collect and record data, plot graphs, make and identify assumptions, perform experiments, and draw conclusions. In addi-tion, the following processes of science are included in the Laboratory Manual. Observe: Use the senses to obtain information about the physical world. Classify: Impose order on a collection of items or events. Communicate: Transfer information from one person to another. Measure: Use an instrument to find a value, such as length or mass, that quantifies an object of event. Use Numbers: Use numbers to express ideas, observations, and relationships. Control Variables: Identify and manage various factors that may influence a situation or an event, so that the effect of any given factor may be learned. Design Experiments: Perform a series of datagathering operations that provide a basis for testing a hypothesis or answering a specific question. Define Operationally: Produce definitions of an object, a concept, or an event in terms that give it a physical description. Formulate Models: Devise a mechanism or structure that describes, acts, or performs as if it were a real object or event. Infer: Explain an observation in terms of previous experience.
LAB REPORT GUIDE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
The following template, including the title page, has been prepared to guide the students for writing good experimental lab reports in mechanical engineering lab courses. This guide will help to assess how well each student group learning (b) and (g) outcomes.
EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY MANUAL by discip 1
• The title of the experiment. • Your name and the names of any lab partners. • Your instructor's name. • The date the lab was performed or the date the report was submitted. Title. The title says what you did. It should be brief (aim for ten words or less) and describe the main point of the experiment or investigation. An example of a title would be: "Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Borax Crystal Growth Rate". If you can, begin your title using a keyword rather than an article like 'The' or 'A'. Introduction / Purpose. Usually the Introduction is one paragraph that explains the objectives or purpose of the lab. In one sentence, state the hypothesis. Sometimes an introduction may contain background information, briefly summarize how the experiment was performed, state the findings of the experiment, and list the conclusions of the investigation. Even if you don't write a whole introduction, you need to state the purpose of the experiment, or why you did it. This would be where you state your hypothesis. Materials. List everything needed to complete your experiment. Methods. Describe the steps you completed during your investigation. This is your procedure. Be sufficiently detailed that anyone could read this section and duplicate your experiment. Write it as if you were giving direction for someone else to do the lab. It may be helpful to provide a Figure to diagram your experimental setup. Data. Numerical data obtained from your procedure usually is presented as a table. Data encompasses what you recorded when you conducted the experiment. It's just the facts, not any interpretation of what they mean. Results. Describe in words what the data means. Sometimes the Results section is combined with the Discussion (Results & Discussion). Discussion or Analysis. The Data section contains numbers. The Analysis section contains any calculations you made based on those numbers. This is where you interpret the data and determine whether or not a hypothesis was accepted. This is also where you would discuss any mistakes you might have made while conducting the investigation. You may wish to describe ways the study might have been improved. Conclusions. Most of the time the conclusion is a single paragraph that sums up what happened in the experiment, whether your hypothesis was accepted or rejected, and what this means. 14 Centrifuge Analytical balance Balance (electronic) Bunsen burner Crucible tongs Pipets Forceps Funnels Burner Crucible Graduated Cylinders Buret & Stand Pipets and Bulbs Volumetric flask Watch dishes Beakers Vials Petri dish Buret Flasks Desiccator 15 Drying cabinet Muffle furnace Water bath WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules, and pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.
INTRODUCTION Laboratory instructors strive continuously to improve the writing of undergraduate lab reports, and success requires a communal effort by several instructors and many students. To allow coordinated instruction, the faculty must define the learning objectives and agree on a common instructional strategy. Students can then be guided in a consistent fashion toward proficient technical writing. This guidance should include a manual incorporating a uniform writing standard that represents industrial and academic practice. Instruction can then refer to a single consensus standard. Consistent grading and feedback based on this standard can then reinforce the instruction. However, the instruction cannot be planned, nor the writing standard be developed without a practical objective. The practical objective is the kind of technical writing and production quality that fits the needs of the curriculum and professional practice and that can be expected from undergraduates. The objective is defined in terms of representative report types and the corresponding contents, formats, and production qualities. Without such a common and well defined objective, successive instructors will waste time and frustrate the students by presenting and requiring report types and production qualities that differ only marginally from the consensus standards while generating continual confusion.
Production Technology Lab Manual
The Production Laboratory for Mechanical Engineering is an important laboratory in manufacturing. The student understands the fundamental principles of manufacturing processes. The lab manual provided with a necessary introduction, principle, method and necessary tables for recording the data. At the end of each experiment, short answer questions are provided to get through knowledge in each experiment.
Medical Laboratory Student Industrial Report
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skill and practical experience in their approved course of study and also to prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report is based on the experiences gained during my four months of Industrial Training at Orile Agege General Hospital, Lagos State. This report highlights how patients are being managed and also the several test carried out for patients such as: Full Blood Count (FBC), Packed Cell Volume(PCV),White Blood Cell Count, Differential Count, Stool Examination, Microfilaria, Widal (Typhoid test), Genotype, HIV, e.t.c. I was opportuned to work in five (5) sections which are Phlebotomy Section, Hematology/Immunohematology Section, Serology Section, Clinical Microbiology Section, and Chemical Pathology Section. These sections have exposed me to the precautions, rules and regulations of the laboratory, how to diagnose patients and how the tests are being analysed. Most importantly, it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of the training, it also stated the problems encountered and also gave suggestion for improvement of the scheme.
Guidelines for a Physics Lab Reports
A laboratory report has three main functions: (1) To provide a record of the experiments and raw data included in the report, (2) To provide sufficient information to reproduce or extend the data, and (3) To analyze the data, present conclusions and make recommendations based on the experimental work. General Comments: The single most important requirement for a laboratory report is clarity. Imagine that your audience is one of your classmates who missed that experiment. If you are using a word processor for your lab report, then use the spelling and grammar checkers. The grammar check can be annoying because often technical sentences are wordy and complex, but it will help you avoid using too many passive sentences. In general, passive sentences are less understandable. However, grammar check will not assess clarity, and it will ignore simple errors. (I do not doubt there are still mistakes in this document I have run it through spelling and grammar checks.) Many technical writers prefer to write sentences with passive verbs. A simple example: "The spring constant k was found from the slope to be 3.02 N/m." If you run this sentence through the grammar check, it will tell you that "was found" is a verb in the passive voice. To change this to an active voice you could write: "The spring constant k is the slope, 3.02 N/m." Not every sentence has to be in an active voice. What you want is a report that is readable. Lab Report Structure: I. Cover Sheet: This page has the course number and assigned lab section, the title of the experiment, your name, your lab partner's names, the date that the lab was performed and your TA's name. II. Abstract: The purpose of an abstract in a scientific paper is to help a reader decide if your paper is of interest to him/her. (This section is the executive summary in a corporation or government report; it is often the only section that a manager reads.) The abstract should be able to stand by itself, and it should be brief. Generally, it consists of three parts which answer these questions: What did you do?-A statement of the purpose of the experiment, a concise description of the experiment and physics principles investigated. What were your results?-Highlight the most significant results of the experiment. What do these results tell you?-Depending on the type of experiment, this is conclusions and implications of the results or it may be lessons learned form the experiment. Write the abstract after all the other sections are completed. (You need to know everything in the report before you can write a summary of it.) III.
Practical Analytical Chemistry, Lab Manual
2015
For many experiments in chemistry, students will be required to have a complete written pre-lab activity before they are allowed to work on the experiment. In order to truly understand the laboratory activities and to be able to draw appropriate conclusions, a student must first carefully consider the procedures,concepts and reasons for doing the laboratory practices. Research has shown that students who have a written preparation for laboratory are safer, more efficient and have a better understanding of how the lab practices are connected to the regular chemistry classroom. In this laboratory manual, students are provided with analytical chemistry experiments including short introduction, purpose of each experiment, materials and apparatus required, procedures to carry on the experiments and data tables for recording the results. Sample lab reports and marking guide are also included in the manual since marking guides make explicit to the student the criteria against which their work will be assessed and they can be a comprehensive and efficient feedback tool.