Pyrosynthesis of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 @C Cathodes for Safe and Low-Cost Aqueous Hybrid Batteries (original) (raw)
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Sodium-Ion Battery Materials and Electrochemical Properties Reviewed
Advanced Energy Materials, 2018
become the electricity storage system of choice over the past 26 years, combining superb energy density, compact and lightweight designs, and outstanding cycle life compared to other rechargeable battery technologies. [2] Despite the commercial success and proliferation of LIB in consumer electronics and recently in battery electric vehicles, LIBs are believed to be too expensive for stationary, large-scale, electrical energy storage (EES) and, in addition, there are concerns on the resource availability of LIB components. [3,4] Historically, the technology of choice for EES applications is pumped-hydro which continues to dominate due to very large unit sizes, accounting for over 95% of the total rated power globally (data derived from the US DOE, global energy storage database). [5,6] However, the number of new pumpedhydro installations is dwindling as a result of its specific geographic and geological requirements. [7] A technological incentive is therefore to find alternative EES options that are installation flexible, cost effective, energy efficient, and environmentally benign in order to match the rapid growth in intermittent renewable energy sources. The properties of electrochemical energy storage technologies are, in general, ideal for a grid scale EES. LIBs in particular have the ability to respond rapidly to load changes, have a high energy density combined with an excellent Coulombic efficiency, exhibit low standby losses, and have modular designs that facilitate upscaling. [7,8] Yet, faced with the aforementioned resource constraints and adverse ecological hazards upon disposal (due to toxic elements), the ability of LIBs to meet large-scale EES demands, remains uncertain. [7] The needs and challenges outlined above have motivated the research for an alternative, scalable battery technology, composed of cheap, abundant, and environmentally benign materials to match the performance and economical success of LIBs. Given the relative abundance of elemental sodium (compared to lithium in the Earth's crust, see Figure 1) and the low electrochemical potential of Na (−2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode, SHE), which is only 330 mV above that of Li, rechargeable batteries based on sodium hold great promise to meet large-scale EES demands. For example, high-temperature ZEBRA cells [9] based on the Na/NiCl 2 system and sodium sulfur cells [10] have already demonstrated the potential of sodium-based electrochemical energy storage. These batteries The demand for electrochemical energy storage technologies is rapidly increasing due to the proliferation of renewable energy sources and the emerging markets of grid-scale battery applications. The properties of batteries are ideal for most electrical energy storage (EES) needs, yet, faced with resource constraints, the ability of current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to match this overwhelming demand is uncertain. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a novel class of batteries with similar performance characteristics to LIBs. Since they are composed of earth-abundant elements, cheaper and utility scale battery modules can be assembled. As a result of the learning curve in the LIB technology, a phenomenal progression in material development has been realized in the SIB technology. In this review, innovative strategies used in SIB material development, and the electrochemical properties of anode, cathode, and electrolyte combinations are elucidated. Attractive performance characteristics are herein evidenced, based on comparative gravimetric and volumetric energy densities to state-of-the-art LIBs. In addition, opportunities and challenges toward commercialization are herein discussed based on patent data trend analysis. With extensive industrial adaptations expected, the commercial prospects of SIBs look promising and this once discarded technology is set to play a major role in EES applications.
Sodium-Ion Batteries: Exploration of Electrolyte Materials
Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology
In recent years, as fossil energy sources such as oil and coal continue to be consumed, the issue of resources and the environment has become one of the main challenges to the sustainable development of human society. People's electricity consumption has increased dramatically, and the demand for energy storage batteries has also increased. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a very worthwhile development because of high Na reserves in the world, which can bring many advantages. The electrolyte can control the battery's inherent electrochemical window and performance, influence the nature of the electrode/electrolyte interface, and is one of the most important material choices for SIBs. The electrolyte simultaneously influences the electrochemical performance and safety of SIBs. This paper focuses on electrolyte materials in SIBs, explaining the fundamental needs and categorization of sodium ion electrolytes and highlighting the most recent advances in liquid and solid electroly...
Na-ion batteries, recent advances and present challenges to become low cost energy storage systems
Energy & Environmental Science, 2012
Energy production and storage have become key issues concerning our welfare in daily life. Present challenges for batteries are twofold. In the first place, the increasing demand for powering systems of portable electronic devices and zero-emission vehicles stimulates research towards high energy and high voltage systems. In the second place, low cost batteries are required in order to advance towards smart electric grids that integrate discontinuous energy flow from renewable sources, optimizing the performance of clean energy sources. Na-ion batteries can be the key for the second point, because of the huge availability of sodium, its low price and the similarity of both Li and Na insertion chemistries. In spite of the lower energy density and voltage of Na-ion based technologies, they can be focused on applications where the weight and footprint requirement is less drastic, such as electrical grid storage. Much work has to be done in the field of Na-ion in order to catch up with Li-ion technology. Cathodic and anodic materials must be optimized, and new electrolytes will be the key point for Na-ion success. This review will gather the up-to-date knowledge about Na-ion battery materials, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.
Update on Na-based battery materials. A growing research path
Energy & Environmental Science, 2013
This work presents an up-to-date information on Na-based battery materials. On the one hand, it explores the feasibility of two novel energy storage systems: Na-aqueous batteries and Na-O 2 technology. On the other hand, it summarises new advances on non-aqueous Na-ion systems. Although all of them can be placed under the umbrella of Na-based systems, aqueous and oxygen-based batteries are arising technologies with increasing significance in energy storage research, while non-aqueous sodium-ion technology has become one of the most important research lines in this field. These systems meet different requirements of energy storage: Na-aqueous batteries will have a determining role as a low cost and safer technology; Na-O 2 systems can be the key technology to overcome the need for high energy density storage devices; and non-aqueous Na-ion batteries have application in the field of stationary energy storage.
Recent Advances in New-Generation Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Energies
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the recent trends in energy storage systems due to their promising properties, the high abundance of sodium in the Earth’s crust, and their low cost. However, the commercialization process of SIBs is in the early stages of development because of some challenges related to electrodes and electrolytes. Electrolytes are vital components of secondary batteries because they determine anode/cathode performance; energy density; operating conditions (electrochemical stability window, open circuit voltage, current rate, etc.); cyclic properties; electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, and dimensional stability; safety level; and the service life of the system. The performance of the battery is based on the structural, morphological, electrical, and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes. In this review, electrolytes used for SIBs are classified according to their state and material, including liquid, quasi-solid, solid, and hybrid, and recent adva...
Non-flammable organic electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries
Electrochemistry Communications, 2020
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Sodium and sodium-ion energy storage batteries
Owing to almost unmatched volumetric energy density, Li-ion batteries have dominated the portable electronics industry and solid state electrochemical literature for the past 20 years. Not only will that continue, but they are also now powering plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. In light of possible concerns over rising lithium costs in the future, Na and Na-ion batteries have re-emerged as candidates for medium and large-scale stationary energy storage, especially as a result of heightened interest in renewable energy sources that provide intermittent power which needs to be load-levelled. The sodium-ion battery field presents many solid state materials design challenges, and rising to that call in the past couple of years, several reports of new sodium-ion technologies and electrode materials have surfaced. These range from high-temperature air electrodes to new layered oxides, polyanion-based materials, carbons and other insertion materials for sodium-ion batteries, many of which hold promise for future sodium-based energy storage applications. In this article, the challenges of current high-temperature sodium technologies including Na-S and Na-NiCl 2 and new molten sodium technology, Na-O 2 are summarized. Recent advancements in positive and negative electrode materials suitable for Na-ion and hybrid Na/Li-ion cells are reviewed, along with the prospects for future developments.
Advanced Energy Materials, 2017
The urgent need for optimizing the available energy through smart grids and efficient large‐scale energy storage systems is pushing the construction and deployment of Li‐ion batteries in the MW range which, in the long term, are expected to hit the GW dimension while demanding over 1000 ton of positive active material per system. This amount of Li‐based material is equivalent to almost 1% of current Li consumption and can strongly influence the evolution of the lithium supply and cost. Given this uncertainty, it becomes mandatory to develop an energy storage technology that depends on almost infinite and widespread resources: Na‐ion batteries are the best technology for large‐scale applications. With small working cells in the market that cannot compete in cost ($/W h) with commercial Li‐ion batteries, the consolidation of Na‐ion batteries mainly depends on increasing their energy density and stability, the negative electrodes being at the heart of these two requirements. Promising ...