Distillery wastewater detoxification and management through phytoremediation employing Ricinus communis L (original) (raw)

2021, Bioresource Technology

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.125192

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Abstract

Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author's name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pagination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.

The Role of Microorganisms in Distillery Wastewater Treatment: A Review

Distilleries are one of the most polluting industries generating large volume of wastewater having a serious environmental concern. Distillery effluent is characterized by dark brown color, acidic pH, high temperature, low dissolved oxygen (DO), high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Distillery wastewater disposed onto the environment prior to treatment is hazardous and leads to soil and water pollution. The dark brown color of distillery effluent causes reduction of sunlight penetration, decreased photosynthetic activity and dissolved oxygen concentration in rivers, lakes and lagoons, hence becomes detrimental to aquatic life. It also causes reduction in soil alkalinity and inhibition of seed germination. Different physicochemical and biological methods have been investigated for the treatment of distillery effluents. In recent years, increasing attentions has been directed towards biological wastewater treatment methods. Bioremediation of wastewater using microorganisms is efficient and cost effective method. Microorganisms as bacteria, fungi, and algae have been shown to exhibit bioremediation activities mainly due to their production of complex and non-specific enzymatic systems capable of degrading various forms of pollutants from wastewater. The main concern of the present review is also to explore the role of microorganisms in wastewater treatment disposed from distilleries. Further, the mechanisms of color removal by fungi, bacteria and algae have also been incorporated.

Fungal remediation of Amarula distillery wastewater

Amarula Cream is an alcoholic beverage derived from the distillation of fermented marula fruit and to date there is no scientific data as to the characteristics of the distillery wastewater generated from its production. The wastewater was found to have a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 27 g/l, a pH of 3.8, a high concentration of phenolic compounds (866 mg/l) and a high suspended solids content (10.5 g/l), all of which could adversely affect biological treatment. Full-strength wastewater was treated using shake-flask monocultures of four white rot fungi (Trametes pubescens MB 89, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus or Phanerochaete chrysosporium) at pH 5.0 with no additional carbon or nitrogen supplements. Trametes pubescens performed the best with regards to degrading phenolic compounds, COD and colour, while P. cinnabarinus improved the pH to the greatest extent. Laccase synthesis was only detected in the T. pubescens and C. subvermispora cultures. Six wastewater concentrations (100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10%) were assessed at pH 4.5 to establish an optimum concentration for remediation and laccase production by T. pubescens. Similar COD removal efficiencies (71–77%) and phenolic removal efficiencies (87–92%) were achieved at all concentrations. The phenolic removal efficiencies improved by approximately 5% compared to the screening experiment at pH 5.0, indicating that the laccase was more efficient at pH 4.5. The pH became more basic as a result of treatment and the colour decreased for samples below 60% wastewater concentration. The maximum laccase activity (1063 ± 26 units/l) was obtained in the 80% wastewater concentration. This study has resulted in the first characterization of Amarula distillery

Biological treatment of winery wastewater: an overview

Water Science and Technology, 2009

The treatment of winery wastewater can realised using several biological processes based both on aerobic or anaerobic systems using suspended biomass or biofilms. Several systems are currently offered by technology providers and current research envisages the availability of new promising technologies for winery wastewater treatment. The present paper intends to present a brief state of the art of the existing status and advances in biological treatment of winery wastewater in the last decade, considering both lab, pilot and full-scale studies. Advantages, drawbacks, applied organic loads, removal efficiency and emerging aspects of the main biological treatments were considered and compared. Nevertheless in most treatments the COD removal efficiency was around 90-95% (remaining COD is due to the un-biodegradable soluble fraction), the applied organic loads are very different depending on the applied technology, varying for an order of magnitude. Applied organic loads are higher in biofilm systems than in suspended biomass while anaerobic biofilm processes have the smaller footprint but in general a higher level of complexity.

Integration of anaerobic biological and advanced chemical oxidation processes to facilitate biodegradation of fruit canning and winery wastewaters

2005

Uittreksel v Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za during relatively short periods during and after the vintage season. Most of the water oriqinates from cellar cooling and floor and equipment washdown (Ronquest & Britz, 1999; Bezuidenhout et al., 2002). The amount of water used during wine making varies between 0.7 and 3.8 m 3 .r 1 of grapes processed, equating to 0.8 to 4.4 L.L-1 of wine produced (Water Research Commission, 1993). Cellars have thus had to consider various wastewater treatment options (Hayward et aI., 2000). Both the fruit and vegetable canning industry and the wine industry are thus faced with two major problems. Firstly, maintaining a profitable level of production while reducing the intake of fresh, potable water, and secondly, disposing of the large volumes of wastewater in an environmentally-friendly manner. Disposal of cannery wastewater is often complicated by the presence of suspended solids and particulate organics (Harada et aI., 1994), cleaning solutions (most commonly sodium hydroxide), often in formulations with various chelating, softening or surface-active additives, and nitric and phosphoric acids (Mawson, 1997) and sodium hydroxide (used during the peeling of certain fruits and vegetables) in the wastewater. Wastewater from the wine and spirits industry usually has a high organic content (4 000-31 000 mgCOD.L-1), contains both suspended (200-20 000 rnq.L") and dissolved solids (1 300-5300 mq.L") and the pH (3.5-5.3) is acidic (Bezuidenhout et aI., 2002). Winery wastewater may also contain caustic soda, various soaps, detergents and surfactants used during cleaning of tanks and process equipment. Sulphide compounds, which can lead to odour problems, and salts originating from anti-corrosion and anti-scaling agents in cooling waters may also be present in the wastewater (Water Research Commission, 1993; Bezuidenhout et aI., 2002). Various methods of disposal of these wastewaters exist, including aerobic treatment by activated sludge, oxidation ditches, biological trickling filters, aerobic and anaerobic ponds and lagoons, spray irrigation, anaerobic digestion and chemical treatment (Austermann-Haun et aI., 1997; McLachlan, 2004). Spray irrigation of canning and winery wastewaters is the most commonly used form of disposal in South Africa, mainly due to the availability of cheap land (Water Research Commission, 1987; Bezuidenhout et aI., 2002). Although this form of disposal has been proven to be effective in lowering the COD of wastewaters (Murphy, 2000) certain problems, nevertheless, exist. Not only is sufficient land required, but also land with a suitable soil composition and groundcover for handling the wastewater. The presence of organic material, salts, detergents and often high levels of sodium in the wastewater has the potential to disrupt natural processes in, the soil, cause Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za

A comprehensive approach to winery wastewater treatment: a review of the state-of the-art

Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015

Winery industries generate large volumes of high-strength wastewater whose characteristics greatly vary depending on either seasons, production technologies or scale of the wineries. Winery wastewater (WW) is persistent to degrade by means of the conventional activated sludge process because of the high organic loading and polyphenolic content especially during vintage. To face this situation, a number of processes have recently been attempted as alternatives or integrative to biological treatments. However, there is still no agreement on the best practice to treat WW. Despite even more stringent standards, untreated or partially treated effluents continue to be improperly discharged into aquatic or soil matrixes, influencing microbial communities and physicochemical soil properties. This work presents a review on the state-of-the-art of management of wastewater originated from winery industries. Advantages and drawbacks of the treatment technologies at bench-, pilot-, and full-scale applications in the scientific literature have been considered to draw out a sustainable management scheme.

Sequential (anaerobic/aerobic) biological treatment of malt whisky wastewater

Process Biochemistry, 2003

The anaerobic treatability of malt whisky distillery wastewater was investigated. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments were conducted both with and without basal medium (BM) to observe the effect of nutrient supplementation. For batch reactors containing no nutrients but only NaHCO3, net total gas production at the end of 29 days were observed as 0.019 m3 gas/kg COD removed. With nutrient

Biological treatment of distillery wastewater by application of the vermifiltration technology

In this study distillery wastewater was treated using the vermifiltration technology in a bid to reduce downstream contamination by the effluent. 10 kg of Eisenia fetida earthworms were used as the ver-mifiltration media in a 0.5 m  0.5 m x 0.3 m vermifiltration bed over a 40 h period cycle. The distillery effluent physicochemical parameters which included pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured every 5 days. The vermicompost which was produced as a result of the vermifiltration process's nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium composition was also determined. The distillery effluent pH changed from acidic to neutral whilst a decrease of 94.9% was observed for the TKN, 91.1% for the BOD, 91.9% for the TDS, 92.4% for the TSS and 89.4% for the COD upon treatment with vermifiltration. The vermicompost, a by-product of the vermifiltration process had a nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium composition of 1.87%, 0.87% and 0.66% respectively.

Bacterial degradation of distillery wastewater pollutants and their metabolites characterization and its toxicity evaluation by using Caenorhabditis elegans as terrestrial test models

Chemosphere, 2020

of distillery wastewater pollutants and their metabolites characterization and its toxicity evaluation by using Caenorhabditis elegans as terrestrial test models, Chemosphere, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127689\. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Distillery spent wash: Treatment technologies and potential applications

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

Distillery spent wash is the unwanted residual liquid waste generated during alcohol production and pollution caused by it is one of the most critical environmental issue. Despite standards imposed on effluent quality, untreated or partially treated effluent very often finds access to watercourses. The distillery wastewater with its characteristic unpleasant odor poses a serious threat to the water quality in several regions around the globe. The ever-increasing generation of distillery spent wash on the one hand and stringent legislative regulations of its disposal on the other has stimulated the need for developing new technologies to process this effluent efficiently and economically. A number of clean up technologies have been put into practice and novel bioremediation approaches for treatment of distillery spent wash are being worked out. Potential microbial (anaerobic and aerobic) as well as physicochemical processes as feasible remediation technologies to combat environmental pollution are being explored. An emerging field in distillery waste management is exploiting its nutritive potential for production of various high value compounds. This review presents an overview of the pollution problems caused by distillery spent wash, the technologies employed globally for its treatment and its alternative use in various biotechnological sectors.

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Current trends for distillery wastewater management and its emerging applications for sustainable environment

Ethanol distillation generates a huge volume of unwanted chemical liquid known as distillery wastewater. Distillery wastewater is acidic, dark brown having high biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, contains various salt contents, and heavy metals. Inadequate and indiscriminate disposal of distillery wastewater deteriorates the quality of the soil, water, and ultimately groundwater. Its direct exposure via food web shows toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects on aquatic-terrestrial organisms including humans. So, there is an urgent need for its proper management. For this purpose, a group of researchers applied distillery wastewater for fertigation while others focused on its physico-chemical, biological treatment approaches. But until now no cutting-edge technology has been proposed for its effective management. So, it becomes imperative to comprehend its toxicity, treatment methods, and implication for environmental sustainability. This paper reviews the last decade's research data on advanced physico-chemical, biological, and combined (physico-chemical and biological) methods to treat distillery wastewater and its reuse aspects. Finally, it revealed that the combined methods along with the production of value-added products are one of the best options for distillery wastewater management.

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DISTILLERY WASTE WATER - AN OVERVIEW

IASET, 2013

In whole world, cane molasses base distilleries are included under one of the polluting industries in concern to water pollution. After fermentation remains waste from bottom of distillation columns, termed stillage. This highly aqueous residue containing organic soluble is considered a troublesome and potentially polluting waste due to its extremely high BOD and COD values. The typical odour emanating from distilleries is a major nuisance. The color of the spent wash interferes with its oxygenation and self purification. The treatment of distillery wastes is a priority area for environmental sustenance and its quality. Due to the large volumes of effluents and presence of certain recalcitrant compounds the treatment of this stream is rather challenging by conventional methods. Therefore to supplement the existing treatments, a number of studies encompassing physic-chemical and biological treatments have been conducted. This review presents an account of the problem, biological treatment methods and role of enzymes in decolorizing waste water.

Distillery Effluent: Pollution Profile, Eco- friendly Treatment Strategies, Challenges and Future Prospects

In India, distilleries are one of the largest industries, generating vast quantities of effluent (known as raw effluent or spent wash), which is potentially a great cause of aquatic and soil pollution. Distillery effluent (DE) is characterized by its high biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and non-biodegradable inorganic and organic pollutants and highly recalcitrant dark brown colour. It also contains a complex mixture of numerous recalcitrant organic pollutants such as butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid and vanillyl propionic acid and various heavy metals, which are reported as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). DE disposed even after conventional treatment processes (activated sludge and biomethanation) poses a serious threat to the environment. Thus, various physicochemical processes have been reported for its decolourization and detoxification, but these techniques are not practicable on an industrial scale due to expensive high chemical consumption, high water requirement and resulting production of a vast quantity of toxic sludge and other secondary by-products. Hence, biological approaches that use microorganisms present a highly attractive alternative for decolourization and detoxification of distillery effluent. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of DE pollutants, their ecotoxicological hazards as well as various ecofriendly treatment techniques. In addition, different challenges and future prospects of DE treatment processes are discussed towards establishing sustainable development.

Bioremediation of distillery waste: An overview

2018

In the era of industrialization, effluent generation is a common factor while improper treatment of wastewater prior to discharge is a major concern. Due to the potent application of alcohol in medicinal, cosmetics, food, biochemical, chemical sectors distillery industries are growing rapidly throughout the world. It is considered as one of the most polluted industries due to its huge effluent volume generation, characteristics and presence of recalcitrant contaminants. Effluent from distillery industries has a great impact on environment due to its diversified pollutants concentration. The untreated distillery effluent easily finds access to watercourse thus causing eutrophication and ultimately imbalance the ecosystem. The unpleasant obnoxious odour, colour, low pH, high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values and presence of recalcitrant compounds poses several environmental and health issues. Hence, the main objective of distillery industry is to ...

Environmental pollution and health hazards from distillery wastewater and treatment approaches to combat the environmental threats: A review

Chemosphere, 2018

Distillery industries are the key contributor to the world's economy, but these are also one of the major sources of environmental pollution due to the discharge of a huge volume of dark colored wastewater. This dark colored wastewater contains very high biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total solids, sulfate, phosphate, phenolics and various toxic metals. Distillery wastewater also contains a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants such as melanoidins, di-n-octyl phthalate, di-butyl phthalate, benzenepropanoic acid and 2-hydroxysocaproic acid and toxic metals, which are well reported as genotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and endocrine disrupting in nature. In aquatic resources, it causes serious environmental problems by reducing the penetration power of sunlight, photosynthetic activities and dissolved oxygen content. On other hand, in agricultural land, it causes inhibition of seed germination and depletion of vegetation by reducing the soil alkalinity and...

Decolourisation of Distillery Spent Wash on the Background of Various Bio-remediation Strategies: A Review

2018

India is the fourth largest producer of ethanol in the world and second largest in Asia. The distilleries using Molasses for the production of alcohol, is considered as one of the most polluting industries. Different technologies covering anaerobic, aerobic, composting, concentration and incineration with energy recovery, reverse osmosis etc. have been followed by Indian distilleries to treat spent wash to achieve a complete solution. But no system or strategy till date is ideal to deliver a complete solution with respect to zero discharge, as well as return on investment and water conservation associated with the processes. Looking into that angle, this paper is being presented as a review of the problems associated with different treatment strategies and prospect of decolourisation by capillary seepage system through immobilized whole cells incorporated in artificial soil bed with a designed novel system which would deliver zero discharge with good ROI through crop cultivation.

Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents: Distillery Effluent

Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends, 2015

which is located at an altitude of 1273 m amsl and at latitude of 35.5°N, longitude of 77.8°E. The experiment comprised of 4 treatments viz., T 1 (75%), T 2 (50%), T 3 (25%) and T 4 (control, pond water). The As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Hg content in the 6 th instar of Spodoptera litura varied, respectively. Larvae of S. litura were unable to complete their life cycle when fed on leaves of S. lycopersicum irrigated with treatments T 1. Pupal and adult deformities were observed in treatments T 2 .

Optimum dilution for Phytoremediation of distillery effluent in constructed wet lands

Effluent Coda originating from palmyrah toddy distillery units is the major source of environmental pollution in the Jaffna district of Sri Lanka. Spent wash produced from distilleries is rich in organic material and characteristically less toxic. A research was carried out to find the optimal dilution factor of the effluent before discharge through construction of wet lands which is a new, ecofriendly, economically viable and environmentally safe strategy to manage the distillery effluent. The effluent was diluted as 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 times with ground water. Complete failures of first series of dilution, treatments were discarded and new effluent was further diluted 5, 10 and 20 times to facilitate the optimum plant growth.

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Energy plants as biofuel source and as accumulators of heavy metals

Chemical Industry

Fossil fuel depletion and soil and water pollution gave impetus to the development of a novel perspective of sustainable development. In addition to the use of plant biomass for ethanol production, plants can be used to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in soil and water. Due to tolerance to high levels of metals, many plant species, crops, non-crops, medicinal, and pharmaceutical energy plants are well-known metal hyperaccumulators. This paper focuses on studies investigating the potential of Miscanthus sp., Beta vulgaris L., Saccharum sp., Ricinus communis L. Prosopis sp. and Arundo donax L. in heavy metal removal and biofuel production. Phytoremediation employing these plants showed great potential for bioaccumulation of Co, Cr, Cu, Al, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cd, Zn, Hg, Se, etc. This review presents the potential of lignocellulose plants to remove pollutants being a valuable substrate for biofuel production. Also, pretreat-ments, dealing with toxic biomass, and biofuel production ar...

Ecofungicides as growth stimulants in Lactuca sativa L

Revista de Ingeniería Biomédica y Biotecnología

Lactuca sativa commonly known as lettuce is a food that provides few calories due to its high water content and fewer carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The main problem with this crop is that during its cycle it is attacked by a range of fungi (Fusarium spp., Pythium sp., Alternaria alternata., among others) and bacteria (Erwinia sp, Burkholderia sp, among others); this leads to excess use of pesticides, economic losses and damage to the environment. Therefore, sustainable control strategies are sought to mitigate the spread of diseases and stimulate the optimal development of the plant. Ecofungicides were made based in: Ricinus communis “higuerilla”; Chamaemelum nobile “manzanilla” with Allium sativum “ajo”; Ruta graveolens “ruda”; as well as Bordeaux broth as a craft product and a synthetic product. The randomized complete block experimental design and the Tukey multiple means comparison (p≤0.05) showed tha in Ricinus communis based ecofungicide favors, on average, the height per ...