Generalized Resistive Power Divider Design (original) (raw)
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Three-Way Equal Filtering Power Divider for Modern Communication Systems
Engineering Reports, 2024
This article proposes a three‐way (3‐way) equal filtering power divider (FPD) employing the microstrip compact folded‐arms square open‐loop resonator (FASOLR). The proposed FPD evenly distributes an input signal into three equal output signals. The design incorporates balanced signal power division, and filtering technology for the removal of unwanted frequency elements and aimed at enhancing signal quality and efficiency in the radiofrequency (RF) front‐end of communication systems. The use of FASOLR in the design helps to achieve miniaturization by reducing the device footprint. Keysight's Advanced Design System (ADS) software is used for conducting the design simulations. The proposed FPD features a 2.6 GHz center frequency, with a 0.03 fractional bandwidth. The implementation is carried out on Rogers RT/Duroid 6010LM substrate with a dielectric constant of 10.7, a thickness of 1.27 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0023. This design includes theoretical calculations, circuit modeling, microstrip layout design, and electromagnetic (EM) simulations. The good agreement between the theoretical and practical results verifies the proficiency of the FPD in delivering equal power outputs at the three output ports, and at the same time filtering out unwanted frequencies as required. The practical responses of the prototype FPD indicate a good return loss of better than 15.5 dB and an insertion loss of better than 4.77 + 0.34 dB. The design prototype achieved a compact size of 0.31 × 0.18 λg. The results reinforce the design's competitive edge in performance and actual footprint. λg is the guided wavelength for the microstrip line impedance at the center frequency of the three‐way equal FPD.
Generalized Symmetrical 3 dB Power Dividers With Complex Termination Impedances
IEEE Access
The paper introduces a class of two-way, 3 dB narrowband power dividers (combiners), closed on complex termination impedances, that generalizes a number of topologies presented during past years as extensions of the traditional Wilkinson design. Adopting even-odd mode analysis, we demonstrate that, under very broad assumptions, any axially symmetric reactive 3-port can be designed to operate as a 3 dB two-way power divider, by connecting a properly designed isolation impedance across two symmetrically but arbitrarily located additional ports. We show that this isolation element can be evaluated by a single input impedance or admittance CAD simulation or measurement; moreover, an explicit expression is given for the isolation impedance. The theory is shown to lead to the same design as for already presented generalizations of the Wilkinson divider; further validation is provided through both simulated and experimental case studies, and an application of the theory to the design of broadband or multi-band couplers is suggested. INDEX TERMS Power dividers, Wilkinson, hybrid. ANNA PIACIBELLO (Member, IEEE) was born in Chivasso, Italy, in 1991. She received the bachelor's and master's degrees in electronic engineering and the Ph.D. degree (cum laude) in electrical, electronics and communication engineering from the
The Unequal Wilkinson Power Divider 2:1 for WLAN Application
Procedia Manufacturing, 2020
A power divider is a three-port microwave device that is used for power division or power combining. They are reciprocal devices, i.e. they can also be used to combine the power from output ports into the input port. The power dividers are widely used in microwave circuit designs. Indeed, this paper describes the design and simulation of 2:1 power divider at 3.6 GHz (802.11y) frequency for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications using Advanced Design System software (ADS). This device provides maximum isolation among three ports. It is highly advantageous for limited bandwidth applications. The Wilkinson Power Divider can also be manufactured with distribution of unequal powers. Therefore, in this article a conception of a Wilkinson unequal Power Divider is presented and our interest is a ratio of 2:1 at central frequency of about 3.6 GHz.
IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Novel balanced-to-unbalanced power divider (BUPD) is introduced for arbitrary power division ratios and for arbitrary real termination impedances. It consists of one 180° transmission-line section (TL), two different 90° TLs and one isolation circuit comprising two different resistances and two different 90° TLs. Due to the arbitrary termination impedances, the conventional ways for the even-and odd-mode excitation analyses are impossible, requiring a new design method. Under the assumption of the perfect isolation between two output ports, the BUPD can be divided into two, based on which the design formulas for the characteristic impedances of all the TLs can be successfully derived. Then, the scattering parameters are inversely derived, which is quite different from the conventional ways where the design formulas are derived based on the scattering parameters. For the verification of the suggested theory, one prototype for the power division ratio of 5 dB and for the termination impedances of 60, 40 and 50 Ω is tested. The measured frequency responses are in good agreement with the predicted ones.
Unbalanced Two-Way Filtering Power Splitter for Wireless Communication Systems
Electronics MDPI, 2021
A compact unbalanced two-way filtering power splitter with an integrated Chebyshev filtering function is presented. The design is purely based on formulations, thereby eliminating the constant need for developing complex optimization algorithms and tuning, to deliver the desired amount of power at each of the two output ports. To achieve miniaturization, a common square open-loop resonator (SOLR) is used to distribute energy between the two integrated channel filters. In addition to distributing energy, the common resonator also contributes one pole to each integrated channel filter, hence, reducing the number of individual resonating elements used in achieving the integrated filtering power splitter (FPS). To demonstrate the proposed design technique, a prototype FPS centered at 2.6 GHz with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 3% is designed and simulated. The circuit model and layout results show good performances of high selectivity, less than 1.7 dB insertion loss, and better than 16 dB in-band return loss. The common microstrip SOLR and the microstrip hairpin resonators used in implementing the proposed integrated FPS ensures that an overall compact size of 0.34 λg × 0.11 λg was achieved, where λg is the guided-wavelength of the 50 Ω microstrip line at the fundamental resonant frequency of the FPS passband.
Narrow-band power dividers with wide range tunable power-dividing ratio
Scientific Reports
This paper presents two narrow-band power dividers with a wide range power-dividing ratio based on the two new controlling insertion loss methods, which are low-impedance line and coupling capacitor. Initially, a narrow-band BPF is designed based on the equivalent circuit model and LC equivalent circuit. Then, using the surface current density, it is determined by which part of BPF structure the insertion loss (IL) can be controlled at center frequency. The tunable Wilkinson power dividers (TWPDs) are designed based on IL control components to create a wide range of power-dividing ratios, using only two DC voltages. The center frequency of first designed TWPD is 2.5 GHz, and the power-dividing ratio can be controlled up to 1:45 by variation of two DC voltages from 0 to 8 V. Since the structure of TWPDs are symmetric, the inverse voltages results in the inverted divided power between the output ports. The center frequency of second designed TWPD is 2.52 GHz, and power-dividing ratio ...
3-way equal filtering power divider using compact folded-arms square open-Loop resonator
25th International Microwave and Radar Conference (MIKON), 2024
Microstrip three-way (that is, 4.8 dB) integrated filtering power divider (FPD) is presented in this paper. The proposed FPD evenly distributes an input power signal into three equal output signals. The design incorporates balanced signal power division, and filtering technology for the removal of unwanted frequency elements and aimed at enhancing signal quality and efficiency in the radiofrequency (RF) front-end of communication systems. Microstrip folded-arms square openloop resonator (FASOLR) is employed in the design implementation to achieve compact size. The proposed FPD features a 2.6 GHz centre frequency, with a 0.03 fractional bandwidth. The implementation is carried out on Rogers RT/Duroid 6010LM substrate with a dielectric constant of 10.7, a thickness of 1.27 mm and a loss tangent of 0.0023. The good agreement between the theoretical and practical results verifies the effectiveness of the FPD in delivering equal power outputs at the three output ports, and at the same time filtering out unwanted frequencies. The practical results of the prototype FPD indicate a good return loss of better than 15.5 dB and an insertion loss of better than 4.77+0.34 dB. The design prototype achieved compact size of 0.31 λg x 0.18 λg. λg is the guided wavelength for the microstrip line impedance at the centre frequency of the 3-way equal filtering power divider.
Unbalanced-To-Balanced Power Divider with Arbitrary Power Division
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C
In this paper, Gysel type Unbalanced-to-Balanced (UTB) Power Divider (PD) with arbitrary power division is proposed. UTB PD is a five-port device, and a standard scattering matrix for a five-port PD with arbitrary power division is derived. Design equations are obtained analytically. Using design equations, a UTB PD is designed at 2 GHz for power division ratio of 1 : 2, and simulation is carried out using HFSS. A prototype is fabricated, and measurement is performed to verify the simulation results of PD. Measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. The proposed PD shows in-phase characteristic within ±5 • . Measurement results show that isolation between two output ports is greater than 20 dB. Greater than 20 dB common-mode suppression from input port to output balanced ports is achieved. Differential-mode power is divided in power division ratio of 1 : 2 from unbalanced port to balanced ports. Measured fractional bandwidth of the proposed PD is 21%.
An ultra wideband Wilkinson power divider
In this article, an ultra wideband power divider is proposed, analysed and designed. The design approach of the proposed power divider is derived from even/odd mode analysis. The design approach is validated, and the power divider is simulated by two full-wave electromagnetic simulators (ADS and Sonnet) and fabricated on a substrate with a thickness of 0.635 mm and relative constant of 10.2. Measured results of the proposed power divider show equal power split, excellent insertion loss and good return loss at all the three ports, and a good isolation between the two output ports is achieved over the specified 3.1– 10.6 GHz ultra wideband range. In the input port return loss, there are two transmission poles around 5.2 and 9.5 GHz. The overall size of the proposed power divider is just 5:8 Â 4:3 mm 2 .
Planar analysis of radial‐line power dividers
The resonant mode field expansion technique presented in previous papers to analyse oneor two-port microstrip structures of different geometrical shapes is now applied to multiport radial lines. In particular, a radial-line n-way power divider is considered. This device allows, under certain hypotheses, an equiphase and equiamplitude splitting of an input signal. The Z matrix formulation has been derived and utilized to obtain the scattering parameters for the circuit. The numerical results are in good agreement with both experimental and theoretical data presented in the literature. The low number of resonant modes required to obtain satisfactory numerical convergence allows a substantial reduction of the computing time with respect to other more complicated approaches.