with K. Mehmet Kentel, “Burnt Panorama: Forensics, Photography, and the 1870 Pera Fire / Kül Panorama: Adli Pratikler, Fotoğraf ve 1870 Beyoğlu Yangını” (original) (raw)

2023, Çiğdem Kafescioğlu, K. Mehmet Kentel, M. Baha Tanman, On the Spot: Panaromic Gaze on Istanbul, a History / Tam Yerinden: İstanbul’a Panaromik Bakışın Tarihi

Abstract

Forensic insights on the photography of the 1870 Pera fire in Istanbul

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References (87)

  1. Constantinople, 196-7. The original spellings found in the document are kept, but the modern place names are shown in parentheses.
  2. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 196.
  3. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 201.
  4. "L'Incendie de Péra," La Turquie, June 8, 1870.
  5. "The Fire," Levant Herald, June 9, 1870.
  6. On e orts of post-re urban regeneration after the Pera re, see, for instance, Zeynep Çelik, The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 64-65; Merve Cemile Keyvanoğlu, "1870 Büyük Beyoğlu Yangını," OTAM 41 (Spring 2017): 169-90;
  7. Öykü Bahar Balcı and Mehmet Sinan Kolay, "19. Yüzyıl Başından Cumhuriyetin Kuruluşuna Kadar Olan Süreçte Beyoğlu ve Çevresinde Meydana Gelen Yangınların Galata Sarayı'nın Değişimine Etkileri," Turkish Studies 15, no. 1 (2020): 31-55, Rivka Geron Schild, "19. Yüzyılda Kentsel Dönüşümün Meşruiyeti Olarak Yangın," Doğu Batı 68 (2014): 127-144; for the res in Istanbul's history, see Ahmet Tekin, "Ottoman Istanbul in Flames: City Con agrations, Governance and Society in the Early Modern Period" (MA Thesis, Istanbul Şehir Universitesi, 2016);
  8. Gülru Necipoğlu, "Volatile Urban Landscapes between Mythical Space and Time," in Çiğdem Kafescioğlu and Shirine Hamadeh, eds., A Companion to Early Modern Istanbul (Leiden: Brill, 2021), esp. 212-226;
  9. Nükhet Varlık, "Death in Istanbul," in Kafescioğlu and Hamadeh, A Companion to Early Modern Istanbul, esp. 431-440;
  10. Fatma Ürekli, "Osmanlı Döneminde İstanbul'da Meydana Gelen Âfetlere İlişkin Literatür," Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 8, no. 16 (2010): 101-130;
  11. Mustafa Cezar, "Osmanlı Devrinde İstanbul Yapılarında Tahribat Yapan Yangınlar ve Tabii Âfetler," Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi Türk Sanatı Tarihi Araştırma ve İncelemeleri 1 (1963): 327-414.
  12. Cornel Zwierlein, "The Burning of a Modern City?: Istanbul as Perceived by the Agents of the Sun Fire O ce, 1865-1870," in Greg Banko , Uwe Lübken, and Jordan Sand, eds., Flammable Cities: Urban Con agration and the Making of the Modern World (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012), 82-102; and Zwierlein, Prometheus Tamed: Fire, Security, and Modernities, 1400 to 1900 (Leiden: Brill, 2021), 396-406.
  13. The Pera case is consonant with other cases in the colonial context where only the European neighborhoods were deemed insurable by re agencies. Despite its initial, culturally conditioned overestimations, though, the Sun Fire Agency initiated its operations in Pera with caution, adopting a defensive underwriting strategy and insuring a limited number of masonry, Christian-owned buildings. See Zwierlein, "The Burning of a Modern City?," 96-97.
  14. Le Docteur Brunetti, Souvenir du 5 Juin 1870, Épisode de la catastrophe de Péra (Istanbul: Typographie et Lythographie Centrales, 1870).
  15. This can be thought about in connection to the early modern engravings that represented city res in central Europe, which were used as advertisements for speci c re ghting technology and usually circulated among city governments. For a history of re visualization, see Zwierlein, Prometheus Tamed, 132-187;
  16. and Marco Folin and Monica Preti, eds., Wounded Cities: The Representation of Urban Disasters in European Art (14th-20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2015).
  17. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 196-197.
  18. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 196.
  19. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 201.
  20. "L'Incend e de Péra," La Turqu e, 8 Haz ran 1870.
  21. "The F re," Levant Herald, 9 Haz ran 1870.
  22. Yangın sonrası kentsel dönüşüm çabalarına da r örneğ n bkz. Zeynep Çel k, The Remak ng of Istanbul: Portra t of an Ottoman C ty n the N neteenth Century (Berkeley: Un vers ty of Cal forn a Press, 1993), 64-65, Merve Cem le Keyvanoğlu, "1870 Büyük Beyoğlu Yangını," OTAM 41 (Bahar 2017): 169-190, Öykü Bahar Balcı ve Mehmet S nan Kolay, "19. Yüzyıl Başından Cumhur yet n Kuruluşuna Kadar Olan Süreçte Beyoğlu ve Ç ̧evres nde Meydana Gelen Yangınların Galata Sarayı'nın Değ ş m ne Etk ler ," Turk sh Stud es 15, no. 1 (2020): 31-55, R vka Geron Sch ld, "19. Yüzyılda Kentsel Dönüşümün Meşru yet Olarak Yangın," Doğu Batı 68 (2014): 127-144; İstanbul'un tar h ndek yangınlar ç n bkz., Ahmet Tek n, "Ottoman Istanbul n Flames: C ty Con agrat ons Governance and Soc ety n the Early Modern Per od" (Yüksek L sans Tez , İstanbul Seh r Ün vers tes , 2016);
  23. Gülru Nec poğlu, "Volat le Urban Landscapes between Myth cal Space and T me," A Compan on to Early Modern Istanbul, der. Ç ğdem Kafesc oğlu ve Sh r ne Hamadeh (Le den: Br ll, 2021), b lhassa 212-226; Nükhet Varlık "Death n Istanbul," A Compan on to Early Modern Istanbul, b lhassa 431-440; Fatma Ürekl , "Osmanlı Dönem nde İstanbul'da Meydana Gelen Âfetlere İl şk n L teratür," Türk ye Araştırmaları L teratür Derg s 8, no. 16 (2010): 101-130;
  24. Mustafa Cezar, "Osmanlı Devr nde İstanbul Yapılarında Tahr bat Yapan Yangınlar ve Tab Âfetler," Güzel Sanatlar Akadem s Türk Sanatı Tar h Araştırma ve İncelemeler 1 (1963): 327-414.
  25. Cornel Zw erle n, "The Burn ng of a Modern C ty?: Istanbul as Perce ved by the Agents of the Sun F re O ce, 1865-1870," Flammable C t es: Urban Con agrat on and the Mak ng of the Modern World, der. Greg Banko , Uwe Lübken ve Jordan Sand (Mad son: Un vers ty of W scons n Press, 2012), 82-102;
  26. ve Zw erle n, Prometheus Tamed: F re, Secur ty, and Modern t es, 1400 to 1900 (Le den: Br ll, 2021), 396-406.
  27. Bkz: Zw erle n, "The Burn ng of a Modern C ty?," 96-97.
  28. Le Docteur Brunett , Souven r du 5 Ju n 1870, Ép sode de la catastrophe de Péra (Istanbul: Typograph e et Lythograph e Centrales, 1870).
  29. Bu durum, Orta Avrupa'dak kent yangınlarını tems l eden, bel rl yangın söndürme teknoloj ler n n reklamı olarak kullanılan ve genell kle kent yönet mler arasında elden ele dolaşan erken modern gravürlerle bağlantılı olarak düşünüleb l r. Yangın görselleşt rme tar h ç n bakınız Zw erle n, Prometheus Tamed, 132-187; ve Marco Fol n ve Mon ca Pret , der. Wounded C t es: The Representat on of Urban D sasters n European Art (14th-20th Centur es) (Le den: Br ll, 2015).
  30. Panoram k fotoğrafçılığa da r bkz. He nz Buddeme er, Panorama, D orama, Photograph e (Mun ch: W lhelm F nk, 1970) ve Sandra Petr llo, "La photograph e panoram que au XIXe s ècle: le regard qu bala e l'espace," Coré, no. 2 (Mart 1997). Afet fotoğrafçılığı hızla gel şen, özell kle de travma ve nsan hakları çalışmalarıyla olan angajmanı ves les yle gen şleyen b r çalışma alanıdır. Örneğ n: Ulr ch Baer, Spectral Ev dence: The Photography of Trauma (Cambr dge: MIT Press, 2002);
  31. Geo rey Batchen, M ck G dley, Nancy K. M ller 11. On panoramic photography see: Heinz Buddemeier, Panorama, Diorama, Photographie (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1970); and Sandra Petrillo, "La photographie panoramique au XIXe siècle: le regard qui balaie l'espace," Coré, no. 2 (March 1997). Disaster photography is a rapidly developing eld of study, expanding particularly through its active engagement with studies on trauma and human rights. Some selected titles along these lines are: Ulrich Baer, Spectral Evidence: The Photography of Trauma (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002);
  32. Geo rey Batchen, Mick Gidley, Nancy K. Miller, and Jay Prosser, eds., Picturing Atrocity: Photography in Crisis (London: Reaktion Books, 2012); Heide Fehrenbach and Davide Rodogno, eds., Humanitarian Photography: A History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015);
  33. Allen Feldman, Archives of the Insensible: Of War, Photopolitics, and Dead Memory (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2015);
  34. and Allen Meek, Trauma and Media: Theories, Histories, and Images (New York: Routledge, 2010).
  35. On panoramas and other visual spectacles of the pre-photographic era, see Stephan Oetterman, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium (New York: Zone Books, 1997);
  36. and Erkki Huhtamo, Illusions in Motion: Media Archaeology of the Moving Panorama and Related Spectacles (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013).
  37. See the introduction to this volume for the historical and editorial matters regarding the terminology of panorama.
  38. The narrowness of the print suggests that the bottom portion of the rst panorama might have been cropped out.
  39. According to Ottoman archival records, the roads were cleared a few days after the re, and the rubble was removed by mid-June. See Keyvanoğlu, "1870 Büyük Beyoğlu Yangını."
  40. On technologies of panoramic photography, see the entries "Panoramic Photography" and "Camera Design: Panoramic Cameras," in Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Vol. 1, ed. John Hannavy (New York: Routledge, 2008), 1048-1050; 255-256.
  41. On urban panoramas of Istanbul, see Esra Akcan, "O the Frame: The Panoramic City Albums of Istanbul," in Photography's Orientalism, ed. Ali Behdad and Luke Gartlan (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013), 93-115.
  42. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 170-171.
  43. On the relationship between photography and the archival management systems of institutions, see Jane Birkin, Archive, Photography and the Language of Administration (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021).
  44. On forensic architecture, a multidisciplinary academic eld and practice developed by Eyal Weizman and his colleagues, see Eyal Weizman, Forensic Architecture: Violence at the Threshold of Detectability (London: Zone Books, 2017);
  45. and Forensic Architecture, ed., Forensis: The Architecture of Public Truth (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2014). On forensic aesthetics in particular, see Thomas Keenan and Eyal Weizman, Mengele's Skull: The Advent of Forensic Aesthetics (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2012).
  46. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 201.
  47. Papers Respecting the Destruction by Fire of the British Embassy-House at Constantinople (London: Harrison & Sons, 1870), 5.
  48. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 202.
  49. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 164.
  50. Zwierlein, "The Burning of a Modern City?," 83.
  51. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 197.
  52. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 204.
  53. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 155.
  54. Presidential Ottoman Archives (BOA), ŞD. 2393/12 (6 Recep 1287 [October 2, 1870]).
  55. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constantinople, 205.
  56. For an especially relevant example of a counterforensic reading of visual archives, see Kalliopi Amygdalou, "Déjà Vu at the Archive: Photography, National Narratives, and the Multiple Histories of the Smyrna Fire," International Journal of Islamic Architecture 9, no. 2 (2020): 315-336. The counterforensic impulse of the historian is not limited to their use of visual materials and may be widened to include various attempts at reading the archives against the grain to unearth the silenced or subaltern experiences of disaster, trauma, and violent urban transformation. See Nancy Y. Reynolds, A City Consumed: Urban Commerce, the Cairo Fire, and the Politics of Decolonization in Egypt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012);
  57. Mike Davis, Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998); Debjani Bhattacharyya, Empire and Ecology in the Bengal Delta: The Making of Calcutta (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018);
  58. Matthew Vitz, A City on a Lake: Urban Political Ecology and the Growth of Mexico City (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018).
  59. Brunetti, Souvenir du 5 Juin 1870, 7-8.
  60. ve Jay Prosser, der. P ctur ng Atroc ty: Photography n Cr s s (Londra: Reakt on Books, 2012);
  61. He de Fehrenbach ve Dav de Rodogno, der. Human tar an Photography: A H story (Cambr dge: Cambr dge Un vers ty Press, 2015);
  62. Allen Feldman, Arch ves of the Insens ble: Of War, Photopol t cs, and Dead Memory (Ch cago: Ch cago Un vers ty Press, 2015); ve Allen Meek, Trauma and Med a: Theor es, H stor es, and Images (New York: Routledge, 2010).
  63. Fotoğraf önces dönem n panoramaları ve d ğer görsel temaşaları ç n bkz. Stephan Oetterman, The Panorama: H story of a Mass Med um (New York: Zone Books, 1997);
  64. ve Erkk Huhtamo, Illus ons n Mot on: Med a Archaeology of the Mov ng Panorama and Related Spectacles (Cambr dge: MIT Press, 2013).
  65. Bkz. Keyvanoğlu, "1870 Büyük Beyoğlu Yangını."
  66. Panoram k fotoğrafçılığın teknoloj ler ne da r şu çer kler nceleneb l r: "Panoram c Photography" ve "Camera Des gn: Panoram c Cameras," Encycloped a of N neteenth-Century Photography, Vol. 1, ed. John Hannavy (New York: Routledge, 2008), 1048-1050; 255-256.
  67. İstanbul'un kentsel panoramalarına da r bkz. Esra Akcan, "O the Frame: The Panoram c C ty Albums of Istanbul," Photography's Or ental sm, der. Al Behdad ve Luke Gartlan (Los Angeles: Getty Publ cat ons, 2013), 93-115.
  68. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 170-171.
  69. Erkk Huhtamo'nun bu katalogdak makales .
  70. Fotoğrafçılık ve kurumların arş v yönet m s stemler arasındak l şk ye da r bkz. Jane B rk n, Arch ve, Photography and the Language of Adm n strat on (Amsterdam: Amsterdam Un vers ty Press, 2021).
  71. Eyal We zman ve çalışma arkadaşları tarafından gel şt r len d s pl nerarası b r akadem k alan ve prat k olan adl m marlığa da r bkz. Eyal We zman, Forens c Arch tecture: V olence at the Threshold of Detectab l ty (Londra: Zone Books, 2017);
  72. ve Forens c Arch tecture, der. Forens s: The Arch tecture of Publ c Truth (Berl n: Sternberg Press, 2014). Özell kle adl estet k ç n bkz: Thomas Keenan ve Eyal We zman, Mengele's Skull: The Advent of Forens c Aesthet cs (Berl n: Sternberg Press, 2012).
  73. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 201.
  74. Papers Respect ng the Destruct on by F re of the Br t sh Embassy-House at Constant nople (Londra: Harr son & Sons, 1870): 5.
  75. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 202.
  76. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 164.
  77. Cornel Zw erle n, "The Burn ng of a Modern C ty?," 83.
  78. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 197.
  79. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 204.
  80. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 155.
  81. BOA, ŞD. 2393/12 (6 Recep 1287 [2 Ek m 1870]).
  82. LMA CLC B/192/MS 31522/26 Constant nople, s. 205.
  83. Görsel arşivlerin karşı-adli okumasının bilhassa ilişkili bir örneği için bkz. Kalliopi Amygdalou, "Déjà Vu at the Archive: Photography, National Narratives, and the Multiple Histories of the Smyrna Fire," Internat onal Journal of Islam c Arch tecture 9, no. 2 (2020): 315-336. Tar hç n n karşı-adl dürtüsü görsel malzeme kullanımıyla sınırlı kalmayıp afet, travma ve ş ddetl kentsel dönüşümün . Bkz. Nancy Y. Reynolds, A C ty Consumed: Urban Commerce, the Ca ro F re, and the Pol t cs of Decolon zat on n Egypt (Stanford: Stanford Un vers ty Press, 2012);
  84. M ke Dav s, Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imag nat on of D saster (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998);
  85. Debjan Bhattacharyya, Emp re and Ecology n the Bengal Delta: The Mak ng of Calcutta (Cambr dge: Cambr dge Un vers ty Press, 2018);
  86. Matthew V tz, A C ty on a Lake: Urban Pol t cal Ecology and the Growth of Mex co C ty (Durham: Duke Un vers ty Press, 2018).
  87. Brunett , Souven r du 5 Ju n 1870, 7-8.