FOOD SECURITY IN UNRECOGNIZED STATES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARTSAKH) (original) (raw)

Nationl Security Review Joural KT Sigatu Food Security as a National Security

NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEW, 2023

This paper aims to offer an overview of the impact of the Ukraine-Russia conflict in the Horn of Africa region. The war has exposed the region’s dependence on food imports. The two warring nations are the suppliers of most of the region’s wheat and maize, sunflower oil, and fertilizer. The paper is based on the theoretical approach of the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School, and methodologically, it employs an empirical examination of literature on the subject matter of food security from various sources. The paper concludes that food security is not a humanitarian problem and should be seen as a national security matter. It also commends AfCFTA, the drive of some initiatives that are working on African agriculture, and the recent efforts of Ethiopia to tackle food insecurity.

Food Security in a Sovereign State and “Quiet Food Sovereignty” of an Insecure Population: The Case of Post-Soviet Russia

2013

In this paper we argue that Russian discourses on and practices of food sovereignty strongly diverge from the global understanding of this concept. We distinguish two approaches to food and agriculture that are crucial for understanding food sovereignty à la Russe. The first one is what we term 'food security in a sovereign state'. This approach is close to the traditional food security concept and refers to the conceived necessity to produce sufficient food for the population domestically, instead of being dependent on food imports. This type of food sovereignty is to be realized by large-scale industrial agriculture, which further development is actively supported by the Russian government. It has the additional function of a potential political weapon in international relations, via growing grain exports and grain market power. The second type of food sovereignty we term 'quiet food sovereignty' of an insecure population. It is enacted by the population's self-provisioning of food through production on household plots, as a coping mechanism. We show that these small-holdings are quite productive, and in general have similar yields as individual private farms (which make up a relative small sector) and large-scale farm enterprise. However, household plot production, which still has a symbiotic and sometimes adverse relation with large farm enterprises (and agroholdings), is grossly overlooked and even downplayed not only by the Russian government, but also by the small-scale producers themselves. We conclude that an emergent food sovereignty movement will be most likely a 'Via Kremlina', rather than a 'Via Campesina-type. The dominance of large scale enterprises, the minimal government support for small-holders, and the existence of a large number of scattered, fragmented and still ignored household producers, do not yet provide much prospect for a 'food sovereignty movement from below' in Russia, in spite of emerging eco-villages and some indigenous movements that struggle to keep their traditional food systems intact.

War and Food (In)security -A Lesson from the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs, 2023

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has implemented legitimate fears of a global crisis and further and inevitably aggravating existing food-security challenges. The international community is being called upon to take targeted action to address the rapidly-evolving, resultant scenarios, making it essential to go beyond immediate interim measures and to reexamine the agricultural and energy policies that underpin our global economy. This article, without any claim to exhaustiveness, examines the inevitable link between war and the dynamics related to food security. In the fi rst instance, a theoretical-interpretative key of the logics of violent confl icts that generate a relevant impact on global food supplies and food (in)security is provided, within the broader framework of the dynamics related to the instability of international relations which hinder the supply of energy resources and determine the volatility of general price levels. In the concluding section, there is refl ection crossed reference to the ongoing Russia/Ukraine confl ict as well as the devastating consequences on global food systems, already put under stress by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Russian Food Security Doctrine: Historical Roots and Major Limitations

Exploring and Optimizing Agricultural Landscapes. Innovations in Landscape Research., 2021

The Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2010, proposed a target of reaching food self-sufficiency by 2022. That concept of food security, unusual among developed countries, is driven by a political vision of the national origin of food and motivated by historical trauma. Our analysis of the climate and geography, historical food crises, and the current agricultural situation shows that the problem of food security in Russia is far more complex than is currently recognized. Even if the goal of self-sufficiency were met, Russia might not find itself food-secure, as it continues to import agricultural equipment and seed stock. And, given a history of regional food separatism, self-sufficiency may prove to be a risky strategy. If Russia’s regions follow suit and aim for local self-sufficiency, they will threaten Russia’s already weakly integrated markets. An alternative goal for Russian food security is the achievement of full integration of the economic space, as that provides price equilibrium over various regions in a year of crop failure. Projected on the regional level, a doctrine of this kind will contribute (as in the late years of Tsarist Russia) to the regions opening up as much as possible, while the influence of non-economic factors (crime, administration, infrastructure deficiency, etc.) drops in the production of and trade with food.

Introduction: transnational food (in)security

Transnational Legal Theory, 2018

Serving as introduction to the first Annual Transnational Legal Theory Symposium-with a focus on Transnational Food (In)Security-this essay provides an overview of the themes that stood at the centre of the conference and which pervade the symposium contributions. The topic of food concerns one of humanity's basic and profound aspects of survival. Universal and equal access to food is, at the same time, ridden with problems of power, inequality, distribution and implicated in old and new geopolitical conflicts. As such, 'food' has ties and is central to conditions of poverty and hunger, development and 'modernisation', transitional justice and rule of law reform around the world. As a problem of critique and scholarly inquiry, food prompts an inter-disciplinary assessment of the nature and different aspects of what is at issue here. The contributors to this symposium take us deep into the complexity of food and illustrate the challenges of adequately understanding and approaching questions of food security and food sovereignty in a globally interconnected world.

Food Security Within The Framework Of Human Rights Development At International Level

2014

At the beginning of 21st century, the global society is confronted with specific phenomena as chronic starvation of entire populations, malnutrition, limited access to natural resources, urbanization, migration, pollution, industrial damages produced to natural environment, global climate change etc. As direct consequences of these phenomena, international contemporary law must develop and consolidate accordingly. The paper is making an analysis of “food security” concept from a juridical point of view, precisely from the perspective of human rights (from already consecrated human rights – as the right to life, the right to corporal and psychical integrity, the right to health, the right to have a healthy natural environment –, to new rights as the right for adequate food).

The Right to Food Sovereignty in International Law

The Right to Food Sovereignty in International Law, Ordine internazionale e diritti umani, (4/2021). , 2021

ABSTRACT With the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (UNDROP) in 2018, the right to food sovereignty was officially included in an international legal document for the first time. The concept of food sovereignty has been widely analyzed in sociology and politics, whilst it is rarely described in the legal context. This article aims to clarify the relationship among existing norms of international law such as the right to self-determination, the right to development and the right to adequate food with the right to food sovereignty. In order to clarify this relationship the article compares them with food sovereignty as described in the UNDROP and it highlights the similarities and the differences among each of these norms. The article also includes an analysis of the concept of food sovereignty as included in national legal systems.

Food Security and Food Sovereignty in the Middle East

Summary Report 6, 2012

The "Food Security and Food Sovereignty in the Middle East" Summary Report details the findings presented in the research initiative through working group meetings. The initiative is comprised of original, empirically-grounded investigations that collectively offer the most comprehensive study available to date on food security in the Middle East. Some of the major themes examined include the ascent and decline of various food regimes, urban agriculture, overseas agricultural land purchases, national food self-sufficiency strategies, distribution networks and food consumption patterns, and nutrition transitions and healthcare. Collectively, the chapters represent highly original contributions to the disciplines of political science, economics, agricultural studies, and healthcare policy.

Food security modern challenges and mechanisms to ensure: scientific monograph. – Košice: Vysoká škola bezpečnostného manažérstva v Košiciach, 2023. – 167 p.

Food security modern challenges and mechanisms to ensure: scientific monograph, 2023

The authors of the scientific monograph have come to the conclusion that ensuring food security during martial law requires the use of mechanisms to support agricultural exports, diversify logistics routes, ensure environmental safety, provide financial and marketing support. Basic research focuses on assessment the state of agricultural producers, analysing the financial and accounting system, logistics activities, ensuring competitiveness, and environmental pollution. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models during martial law, international logistics management, digital audit, agricultural lending, integrated marketing system, risk management and diversification of Ukrainian agricultural exports. The results of the study can be used in the developing of food security policies, programmes and strategies, agricultural production development, decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate food security management processes. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on food security during martial law and Ukraine’s recovery economy after the victory.