Human cytomegalovirus load in various body fluids of congenitally infected newborns (original) (raw)
Related papers
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2015
in the general population is between 50-70%, [3,4] the corresponding fi gure for the developing nations ranging from 70-100%. In India, this fi gure approaches 98-100%. [5] The rates of congenital infection in developed countries are about 0.6-0.7% of live births, whereas in the developing world, higher rates between 1-5% have been observed. [1,3] Congenital HCMV infection is asymptomatic in more than 90% of infected infants, whereas the remaining 10% show manifestations including microcephaly, small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal hepatitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, chorioretinitis, cataract, thrombocytopenia, etc, Some of these symptomatic infants also develop sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in the ensuing few years. [2] A fraction of infants who were asymptomatic at birth also go on to develop complications like SNHL and neurodevelopmental delays in the next few years of their lives. In fact, it is now established that congenital HCMV infection is the leading cause of nonsyndromic SNHL in the developed world. [2] The diagnosis of congenital HCMV infection has traditionally been based on demonstration of the virus in urine by isolation in cell culture. Owing to the slow turnaround time for cell culture and its low sensitivity, demonstration of HCMV DNA in urine by PCR has gradually replaced virus isolation. [2] Demonstration of IgM antibodies to HCMV (anti-HCMV IgM) is a common diagnostic test in neonates or infants, which suggests current infection and supports the diagnosis. Other tests, utilising
Journal of Clinical Virology, 2001
Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading cause of congenital virus infection in developed countries, affecting an estimated 1% of births. This antenatal infection can cause serious sequelae. Strategies for prevention and treatment must, therefore, be agreed upon, entailing a preliminary performance assessment of antenatal virus diagnosis techniques. Between 1992 and 1999, HCMV serology status was established for 19 456 pregnant women in four French hospitals. Seronegative patients (55.4%) were given serology screening, and antenatal diagnosis was given to 152 women who had shown seroconversion during their pregnancies (1.4%). The detection of HCMV transmission from mother to fetus was finally established in 95 cases, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and viral culture methods for detecting HCMV in the amniotic fluid. These results were compared with viral culture of children's urine after birth, enabling us to distinguish between children really infected in utero (30%) and non-infected children (70%). The results of the virus culture and those of PCR were identical in 94 of the 95 cases, with one discrepancy (culture −/PCR+). The two diagnosis techniques had identical sensitivity (72%), with culture proving slightly more specific than PCR (98.4% as opposed to 96.9%). Positive prediction values for culture and for PCR were, respectively, 95.6 and 91.3%. Antenatal virus diagnosis on amniotic fluid was negative with both techniques in 8 out of 29 cases of children born with HCMV infection (VPN = 89%). Over half of these wrongly negative results can be explained by amniocentesis carried out too early in the pregnancy or too early with respect to the mother's primary infection.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2012
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenital and perinatal human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections among newborns in two major neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Bahrain. Methodology: One hundred newborns comprised of 84 preterm and 16 term babies admitted to the NICUs were enrolled in the study. During the first six weeks of life, urine and saliva was obtained from the babies weekly and serial breast milk samples were obtained from the mothers. Maternal serum HCMV IgG was measured. Virus isolation and detection was done by shell vial culture and nested PCR. Results: Maternal HCMV IgG-seropositivity was 100%. Eight HCMV infections were detected comprising of three congenital and five perinatal infections. Congenital HCMV infection was found in preterm (2/84; 1.9%) and term (1/16; 6.3%) babies. HCMV DNA was detected in breast milk samples obtained during the first 10 days postpartum from all mothers whose babies had congenital HCMV. Fortynine women provided breast milk samples between four and six weeks post-partum and HCMV DNA was detected in the breast milk of 11 women. Five (45.5%) of these eleven were mothers of babies with perinatal HCMV infection. There was no significant difference in the detection of HCMV using shell vial culture versus nested PCR method. Conclusion: The findings indicate occurrence of congenital and perinatal HCMV transmission in this setting of high maternal seropositivity. The use of shell vial culture and PCR amplification for HCMV screening in the NICU for rapid detection of infection during the early postnatal period is recommended.
http://www.ijrrjournal.com/archive\_ijrr\_vol.5\_issue2.html, 2018
Background/Objectives: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in saliva, urine, plasma and dried blood spots (DBS) are newer forms of detecting congenital CMV (cCMV), while CMV culture of saliva or urine have been considered the standard method. Many studies from various countries have screened large numbers of newborns for cCMV in the last 10 years using PCR techniques. The objective of this study is to compile these studies to give an updated pooled global prevalence of cCMV, and to estimate the prevalence of detectable abnormalities caused by CMV at birth. Method: By reviewing studies using PCR of CMV DNA as a screening method of populations of all newborn infants for cCMV, this study estimates the global prevalence of cCMV and the percentage of infants with clinical sequelae evident at birth, within the last ten years. Results: Fifteen articles published from 2007 to 2017, using PCR techniques for cCMV detection, give a global prevalence of all newborns with cCMV as 0.47% (95% CI, 0.44-0.50%), with the percentage of symptomatic cCMV as 13%. A meta-analysis of the fifteen prevalences, gives a pooled prevalence of cCMV as 0.46%(95%CI: 0.43-0.49%). Conclusion: The global prevalence of cCMV is seemingly decreasing, though the percentage of cases of cCMV with symptoms at birth is relatively unchanged.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains the most common cause of viral intrauterine infection. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of at-risk pregnancies for congenital cytomegalovirus transmission in a randomly selected pregnant women and their newborns. Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were utilized to screen the sera of mothers (n = 100) and consecutive umbilical cord blood samples from their newborn (n = 100). Of the 100 mother's sera analyzed, 100 (100%) and 3 (3%) were positive for cytomegalovirus IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Of the 100 cord serum specimens analyzed, 99 (99%) and 2 (2%) were positive for cytomegalovirus IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Cytomegalovirus DNA was detected in 4 out of 100 (4%) cord blood samples of newborns. From four CMV DNA positive cases, Case 1 had no IgM in cord serum, but had IgM in mother's sera. Cases 2 and 4 were positive for IgM in both mother's sera and cord serum. Case 3 had no detectable CMV IgM in sera and cord serum. As many as 66 and 100% of CMV IgM-positive women in this study also had CMV IgM and CMV DNA in their delivery cord blood samples, respectively suggesting an increased risk of congenital CMV infection in those pregnancies. A paired women sera/cord blood CMV IgM-negative was found to be positive for CMV DNA. The data may also suggest the utility of PCR in place of CMV IgM as a diagnostic method for congenital CMV infection.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2017
Background. DNA detection of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a marker of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in congenital hCMV infection (cCMV), but its prognostic value is unknown. Methods. A multicenter, retrospective study was performed using the Spanish Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Database (REDICCMV; http://www.cmvcongenito.es). Newborns with cCMV and a lumbar puncture performed were included and classified according to their hCMV-PCR in CSF result (positive/negative). Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging abnormalities, plasma viral load, and audiological and neurological outcomes of both groups were compared. Results. A total of 136 neonates were included in the study: 21 (15.4%) with positive CSF hCMV-PCR and 115 (84.6%) with negative results. Seventeen patients (81%) in the positive group were symptomatic at birth compared with 52.2% of infants in the negative group (odds ratio [OR], 3.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-14.1; P = .01). Only 4 asymptomatic newborns (6.8%) had a positive CSF hCMV-PCR. There were no differences between groups regarding the rate of microcephaly, neuroimaging abnormalities, neurological sequelae at 6 months of age, or plasma viral load. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at birth was associated with a positive CSF hCMV-PCR result (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.08-11.27; P = .04), although no association was found at 6 months of age. Conclusions. A positive hCMV-PCR result in CSF is associated with symptomatic cCMV and SNHL at birth. However, no differences in neuroimaging studies, plasma viral load, or outcomes at 6 months were found. These results suggest that hCMV-PCR in CSF may not be a useful prognostic marker in cCMV.
Journal of Clinical Virology, 2000
Background: Amplification techniques such as PCR are becoming increasingly popular in the field of diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) also, thus substituting conventional techniques like the time consuming HCMV antigen or cell culture assays. Current PCR protocols however, are labor intensive, and moreover, the need for extensive postamplification manipulations increases the risk of false positive results due to contamination with amplified products. Objecti6es: to overcome these shortcomings, the new ultrarapid and semi-automated real-time LightCycler PCR-system (LC-PCR), which combines amplification and detection in a closed capillary system, was tested for its suitability in diagnosis of HCMV in urines. Study design: 73 urine samples from 64 newborns and infants suspected of having congenitally or postnatally acquired HCMV were tested with the LC-PCR and results were compared with those obtained in parallel with a conventional PCR-ELISA and the rapid shell vial assay for detection of HCMV early antigen (EA-assay). Results: with these methods, 31 newborns/infants were found to be infected with HCMV. HCMV DNA was detected in 39 urines while the EA-assay was positive in 33 urines. All the EA positive samples were also positive for HCMV DNA. In the urines of the remaining 33 newborns (34 urine samples) neither HCMV DNA nor EA were detectable. The overall agreement of the two PCR tests was 100% while a 92% agreement was obtained between the PCR and the EA-assays. As the sensitivity of the three tests turned out to be quite similiar, the discrepancy observed in the positive rate between PCR and EA-assay is due to other factors which will be discussed in detail. However, while LC-PCR takes only about 2 h from sample preparation to result generation, the EA-assay, such as the conventional PCR-ELISA, needs 24-48 h. Furthermore, due to its capability to perform cycle-by-cycle monitoring, the LC instrument enables semi-quantitative analysis of HCMV viral-load. Conclusions: LC-PCR is a suitable new tool for routine analysis of HCMV in the urines of newborns and infants. Compared to the conventional PCR-ELISA a considerable increase in test rapidity and reliability is achieved without the need to sacrifice sensitivity.
Iraqi journal of Medical Sciences, 2016
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major viral etiology of congenital infection and birth defects, during current maternal infection the fetal transmission is high (30-40%) and the symptomatic neonates have diseases involving the neurologic, hematopoietic, respiratory and other organ systems, causing high mortality and long-term sequelae. Objective To measure the frequency of congenital and perinatal HCMV infection among symptomatic neonates and its possible burden of disease among them. Methods A total of one hundred ninety-eight symptomatic neonates with clinical manifestations of overt congenital infection enrolled in this study from September 2014 to March 2015. Serum samples were obtained from each subject targeted in this study. HCMV infection was defined as HCMV-IgM antibody positive by Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) techniques. Results The prevalence of HCMV infection among symptomatic neonates with congenital infection was 25 (12.6%). The average age of HCMV detection was 9.96 (SD 6.73) days with a median of 7 days, a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 28 days. Jaundice was the most predominant clinical finding 14 (56%), followed in order of frequency by hepatomegaly 9 (36%) and pneumonitis 7 (28%). Conclusion The high prevalence of neonatal HCMV infection among neonates with symptomatic congenital infections could indicate a high rate of maternal HCMV primary or current infection among our population.
2020
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious cause of birth defects. It may cause both, immediate and long term health problems in infants. These include variety of symptoms, such as hearing loss, microcephaly, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly and seizures. In more severe cases CMV infection can cause the death of an unborn baby and loss of pregnancy. Despite being one of the most extensively studied vertically transmitted infections recently, the adverse effects of vertically transmitted CMV infection are still not well presented to the general public, resulting in a low awareness among potential expectant mothers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study aims to elucidate the sensitivity of urine samples for CMV detection in infants as well as to reflect the importance of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in diagnostics of CMV infection in infants. qRT-PCR was used in this study as a technique for the screening of CMV DNA in a cohort of patients based in Sar...