Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future (original) (raw)
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Editorial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future
2016
This paper provides an overview of the Special Issue on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future. The papers selected for publication include advanced wastewater treatment and monitoring technologies, such as membrane bioreactors, electrochemical systems; denitrifying biofilters, and disinfection technologies. The Issue also contains articles related to best management practices of biosolids, the influence of organic matter on pathogen inactivation and nutrient removal. Collectively, the Special Issue presents an evolution of technologies, from conventional through advanced, for reliable and sustainable wastewater treatment and reuse.
Available Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
During the last three decades, environmental challenges related to the chemical and biological pollution of water have become significant as a subject of major concern for society, public agencies, and the industrial sector. Most home and industrial operations generate wastewater that contains harmful and undesirable pollutants. In this context, it is necessary to make continuous efforts to protect water supplies to ensure the availability of potable water. To eliminate insoluble particles and soluble pollutants from wastewaters, treatment technologies can be employed including physical, chemical, biological (bioremediation and anaerobic digestion), and membrane technologies. This chapter focuses on current and emerging technologies that demonstrate outstanding efficacy in removing contaminants from wastewater. The challenges of strengthening treatment procedures for effective wastewater treatment are identified, and future perspectives are presented.
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse—The Future Source of Water Supply
Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 2017
Freshwater supply is critical for the survival of humankind. With the rapid growth of population and urbanization we are confronted with serious water scarcity. Wastewater treatment, recycle and reuse have now become important alternate sources of water supply. Wastewater is used water from domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural activities. This water if untreated may be harmful to both the man-made and the natural environment. Treating wastewater requires a comprehensive planning, design, construction and management of treatment facilities to ensure that the treated water is safe for human consumption and for discharge to the environment. The potential treatments include primary, secondary and tertiary treatment using mechanical, chemical and biological processes. Nowadays wastewater treatment plays an important role in providing safe water to ease water scarcity in some areas.
2014
or download from www.wrc.org.za This report emanates from the Water Research Commission project K5/1894, entitled: Wastewater Reclamation for Potable Reuse. Also available is Volume 2: Integration of MBR technology with advanced treatment processes (WRC Report No. TT 611/14). DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Developments in wastewater treatment methods
Desalination, 2004
Wastewaters are waterborne solids and liquids discharged into sewers that represent the wastes of community life. Wastewater includes dissolved and suspended organic solids, which are "putrescible" or biologically decomposable. Two general categories ofwastewaters, not entirely separable, are recognized: domestic and industrial. Wastewater treatment is a process in which the solids in wastewater are partially removed and partially changed by decomposition from highly complex, putrescible, organic solids to mineral or relatively stable organic solids. Primary and secondary treatment removes the majority of BOD and suspended solids found in wastewaters. However, in an increasing number of cases this level of treatment has proved to be insufficient to protect the receiving waters or to provide reusable water for industrial and/or domestic recycling. Thus, additional treatment steps have been added to wastewater treatment plants to provide for further organic and solids removals or to provide for removal of nutrients and/or toxic materials. There have been several new developments in the water treatment field in the last years. Alternatives have presented themselves for classical and conventional water treatment systems. Advanced wastewater treatments have become an area of global focus as individuals, communities, industries and nations strive for ways to keep essential resources available and suitable for use. Advanced wastewater treatment technology, coupled with wastewater reduction and water recycling initiatives, offer hope of slowing, and perhaps halting, the inevitable loss of usable water. Membrane technologies are well suited to the recycling and reuse ofwastewater. Membranes can selectively separate components over a wide range of particle sizes and molecular weights. Membrane technology has become a dignified separation technology over the past decennia. The main force of membrane technology is the fact that it works without the addition of chemicals, with relatively low energy use and easy and well-arranged process conduction. This paper covers all advanced methods ofwastewater treatments and reuse.
Prolonged reuse of domestic wastewater after membrane bioreactor treatment
Desalination and Water Treatment, 2014
In this study, experience in a nine-year operation of a full-scale 2000 PE vacuum rotating membrane bioreactor having a submerged flat-type membrane module having pore size of 0.038 μm and a total surface area of 540 m 2 is discussed. The plant was designed to treat and reuse raw wastewater collected from dormitories and the academic village at METU campus. Throughout the study, 99.99% BOD 5 and above 95% COD removals were achieved most of the time. Moreover, turbidity was consistently measured below 1 NTU and around 6-7 log coliform removals were achieved with less than 1 coliform/100 mL in the effluents most of the time, except for the leakage from the bearings. During the study, energy consumption by the plant was also analyzed by routinely measuring energy consumption in different parts of the plant. Consumption was analyzed in two parts. Energy consumed by the blower supplying aeration to the biological treatment tank was monitored separately from the rest of the plant. Except for the periods when problems have occurred during operation, the total energy consumption of the system was variable between 1.1 and 2.53 kWh/m 3 , averaging around 2 kWh/m 3 . The main problems encountered during operation were poor floc formation and dispersed growth, and sludge deposition between the membrane plates and mechanical malfunction of the bearing seals. The treated wastewaters were stored and used for the irrigation of METU Technopolis lawns.
Wastewater Treatment Technologies
2013
Waste-water treatment is becoming ever more critical due to diminishing water resources, increasing waste-water disposal costs and stricter discharge regulations that have lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The treatment of waste-water for reuse and disposal is particularly important for countries, since they occupy one of the most arid regions in the world. Physical, chemical and biological methods are used to remove contaminants from waste-water. In order to achieve different levels of contaminant removal, individual waste-water treatment procedures are combined into a variety of systems, classified as primary, secondary and tertiary waste-water treatment. More rigorous treatment of waste-water includes the removal of specific contaminants as well as the removal and control of nutrients. Natural systems are also used for the treatment of waste-water in land-based applications. Sludge resulting from waste-water treatment operations is treated by various method...
Treatment of Water and Wastewater for Reuse and Energy Generation-Emerging Technologies
Water and Wastewater Treatment
Fresh water quality and supply, particularly for domestic and industrial purposes, are deteriorating with contamination threats on water resources. Multiple technologies in the conventional wastewater treatment (WWT) settings have been adopted to purify water to a desirable quality. However, the design and selection of a suitable cost-effective treatment scheme for a catchment area are essential and have many considerations including land availability, energy, effluent quality and operational simplicity. Three emerging technologies are discussed, including anaerobic digestion, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane technology, which holds great promise to provide integrational alternatives for manifold WWT process and distribution systems to mitigate contaminants and meet acceptable limitations. The main applications, basic principles, merits and demerits of the aforementioned technologies are addressed in relation to their current limitations and future research needs in terms of renewable energy. Hence, the advancement in manufacturing industry along with WWT blueprints will enhance the application of these technologies for the sustainable management and conservation of water.