Comparative Effects of the Acute Toxicity of Clove (Eugenia Aromatica) Powder to Clarias Gariepinus and Heterobranchus Bidorsalis Fingerlings (original) (raw)
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This study investigated the anaesthetic effects of clove (Eugenia caryophylatta) powder on immobilization and survival in different life stages of Clarias gariepinus. Four hundred and fifty (450) fish comprising of 150 each of mean weight: fingerlings (6.54 ± 3.25g), juveniles (15.06 ± 2.50g) and adults (32.10 ± 4.30g) were used for the study. The fish were exposed to 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180mg/l of the anaesthetic prepared from a stock solution of 200mg/l of the clove powder. Ten (10) fish each were use per tank in triplicate for each life stage. The time to attain various stages of anaesthesia and recovery was noted and recorded. Mortality for each life stage was also recorded. Some water quality parameters were monitored and recorded. The powder was observed to cause anaesthesia which was dependent on the concentration and sizes of the exposed fish. The time to attain deep anaesthesia (stage A3) decreased with increasing concentration in all the life stages but longer in adults than juveniles and fingerlings. The shorter the time to achieve stage A3 the longer the time to be fully recovered. The relationship of the time taken to achieve deep anaesthesia and regained full recovery is significantly (P<0.05) dependent on the concentration of clove, with total recovery time inversely proportional to the total time to attained deep anaesthesia. The survival rates of 86.67 and 96.67% were recorded for fingerlings and juveniles respectively in higher concentrations of the anaesthetic while in the adults was 100%. The study revealed that clove bud can effectively be ultilized as anaesthetics agent in C. gariepinus at optimal dose of 160mg/l.
2018
Plants part have been shown to cause death of fish and changes in behavioural, haematological, biochemical responses and histopathological effects on clarids [1] [2][3]. Change in water quality by the presence of contaminants makes it potentially harmful to life, instead of sustaining them [4]. The accumulation of toxicants in an aquatic environment can result in reduced reproductive capacities; alter growth rates and reduced ability to with stand variation in pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen [5]. Plants are inexhaustible sources of biological active substances and more than 60,000 species have been reportedly used all over the world for various purposes [6]. According to Wang and Huffman [7] ichthyotoxins plants contains different active ingredient such as nicotine, pyrethrum, rotenone, resins, tannins, alkaloids, flavenoids and saponins. Studies by several authors have shown that herbal plant and their products have been used as natural alternatives for treatment and managemen...
The efficacy of clove powder as anaesthetic agent on C. gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings was investigated in this study and the water quality parameters of the test solutions also determined. The time of induction and recovery for various stages and concentrations was recorded in minutes using a stop watch. The concentrations used for the anaesthesia bioassay were 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, and 140mg/l. The water quality parameters examined after 30mins did not differ (P<0.05) from those of control hence may not have contributed to the observed behaviour of the test fish. Fingerlings exposed to 60 and 70mg/l had partial anaesthesia and did not achieved stage 4(deep anaesthesia) after 30mins. Those exposed to concentration above 70mg/l were completely immobilized (deep anaesthesia) within 3-10mins depending on concentration. The mean time under each concentration increased significantly (P<0.05) from stages 1-4. The various stages of induction and recovery of C. gariepinus were higher than those of H. bidorsalis except induction stages 1 and 3 and recovery stage 3. Increasing concentration proportionally decrease the induction time but increase the time required for full recovery. An ideal anaesthetic must have among other qualities quick induction and slightly longer recovery time to allow for varied manipulation as desirable. In this study clove powder at 120 and 140 mg/l induced deep anaesthesia in less than 5mins with a recovery time of 25-27mins, making it an ideal anaesthestic for African clarrid fingerlings.
Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 3(1): 1-11 (2018) , 2018
The anesthetic efficacies of natural anesthetic (clove) in forms of powder were evaluated on young common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the mean weight of 60±10 g for handling and health management experiments. These works were conducted in the laboratory of fish research in the Department of Animal Science, Collage of Agricultural Sciences at University of Sulaimani. Safety concentrations of anesthetics type and concentration were assessed by using form of clove (powder); each with three replicates within each replicate five fish used for measuring induction times to anesthesia. The induction time of C. carpio which decrease with increasing concentrations of clove powder, the induction time was less than three minutes for a dose of 400 mg/L, with significant different (P<0.05) from the other dosages. As the concentrations of clove powder increased the ventilation rate in stage I, II and III of anesthesia and recovery increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control. There were no mortalities at any of the temperatures or concentrations, 24 hours after recovery. In stage I, II and III of recovery, all three concentrations of clove powder with normal temperature degree showed lower ventilation rate compared to other groups. The lowest cortisol level of anesthesia was found in the low temperature degree with 300 mg/L of clove powder. The lowest and the highest sugar levels were found in low temperature degree with 300 and 400mg/ L of clove powder, respectively. Clove powder of 200 mg/L with normal temperature degree showed the lowest level of red blood cell. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2021
The need to characterise optimum dosage of farmer preferred cheap and locally available dried clove bud (DCB), liable to induce anaesthesia to surgical stage in Clarias gariepinus brood-stocks necessitated this study. DCB was characterised for content of essential oil (CEO) and its chemical composition through hydro-distillation and gas chromatography (GC-MS) respectively. Ten random samples (5male and 5female) of C. gariepinus brooders(mean weight, 1.63±0.33kg) were immersed in 0.00 g/l (T1), 0.1g/l (T2), 0.2g/l (T3), and 0.3g/l (T4) concentrations of aqueous DCB, observed for time (minutes) to reach anaesthesia induction-IT, sedation-SeT, surgery-ST; and recovery-RT; then, survival (%) at 3weeks post-experimentation period. Data were analysed for differences and regression at P<0.05. DCB yielded 1.60% CEO; composed 52 chemicals containing 91.76% eugenol derivatives. Significantly, IT and SeT varied from 2.63±0.21min (T4) to 4.23±0.27mins (T2) and 5.73±0.22mins (T4) to 8.74±0.50mins (T2); ST occurred and was similar across T3 (13.95±1.69mins) and T4 (14.15±1.65mins); RT varied at 1.49±0.13mins post-SeT (T2) to 3.78±0.36 mins post-ST (T4), while survival was 100.00% in T1-T4. The IT, SeT, ST, RT, and survival were similar across sexes in T2-T4. Significantly, DCB regressed at concentration = 0.016 + 0.936 (RT)-0.074 (SeT). DCB has low CEO but contain chemicals liable to induce surgical anaesthesia at 0.3g/l (T4) for about 4mins, without causing mortality in C. gariepinus brooders. Meanwhile, increased concentration would further delay recovery time.
The intensive nature of aquaculture has subjected fish to a number of stressors in the culture medium, anesthetics are widely used to minimize the issue of stress during farming operations and activities. Clove oil is a well known, established and acceptable anesthetics commonly used in aquaculture, this anesthetics is not readily available in developing countries, thus leaving the fish farmers with option of using the locally available plant extracts as anesthetic agent in fish culture. This study therefore assessed the efficacy of aqueous extracts of clove seed and its effect on hematological parameters of the fish.
Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2017
The efficacy of clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol and benzocaine was tested on captive-bred European catfish (wels), Silurus glanis L., 1758 in this study. According to effectiveness criteria, the most optimal implementation results were obtained from 100 μl L (induction 69.00±6.48 s and recovery 253.86±14.78 s) clove oil, 1000 μl L (induction 88.71±8.50 s and recovery 201.43±12.19 s) PE, and 100 μl L (induction 103.00±6.90 s and recovery 215.71±19.99 s) benzocaine. The concentration of anesthetics agent used directly affected the onset of each physiological respond (p<0.05). The relationship between doses and induction times was inverse exponential, in spite of that an exponential relationship was confirmed between doses and recovery times for all anesthetics. In conclusion, all these three anesthetics can be effectively used for wels.
This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of clove powder as anaesthetic and its effect on some haematological parameters of hybrid (Heterobranchus bidorsalis ♀ x C. gariepinus ♂) juveniles. Different concentrations of 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130 mg/l were exposed to 108 healthy fish of mean weight 20.38 ± 3.30 g and total length 14.33 ± 2.50 cm for 30 min at the Fisheries Laboratory CRUTECH, Obubra campus. The fish behaviour was observed, the time to become completely immobilized and recovery from anaesthesia were recorded at the various stages with a stopwatch. Fish that were exposed to less than 100 mg/l clove powder reached Stage 3, but did not reach Stage 4 (complete immobilization) during the 30 min evaluation period. At the highest concentration of clove powder of 130 mg/l fish are anaesthetized (Stage 4) in less than 3 min and regained their normal position in more than 24 min. Fish exposed to higher concentrations above 100 mg/l took longer time to achieve recovery. The time to achieve recovery had a positive response to dose. The value of Red blood cell (RBC) shows a significant decrease while White blood cell count (WBC) with increase in the concentration of clove powder, then the haematological indices showed a significant increase in the values of (MCV) and Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) while MCHC was not significantly different from the control (p < 0.05). The mean values of lymphocytes significantly increased whereas, neutrophil, monocytes, basophil, and eosinophil did not differ from the control. Result from this study suggests that, the use of clove powder at the concentration of 120 mg/l will completely induced deep anaesthesia without significant changes in the haematological parameters.
Application of Clove Oil as Anesthetic for Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch)
Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2006
The objective of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of clove oil as an anesthetic in sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and the potential application of clove oil as anesthetic to facilitate the sea bass fry transportation. Acute toxicity test indicated the 24-hr LC 50 value of clove oil in sea bass fry as 30 ppm with slope function of 1.079 (1.05 to 1.107). In efficacy test, fish were exposed to 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm of clove oil for 15 minutes. At 5 ppm, clove oil caused only sedation effect (partial loss of reaction to external stimuli) while at 20 ppm, fish entered anesthesia stage (failure to respond to external stimuli) within about 3 minutes. Fish recovered from a 15-min period of exposure in 20 ppm clove oil within less than 10 minutes following removal from the anesthetic solution. There was neither mortality nor abnormal behavior of fish during 15-min exposure of clove oil as well as during 7 days post recovery from anesthesia. The potential application of clove oil as an aid in the transport of sea bass fry in plastic bag was also investigated. At 5 ppm, clove oil could reduce activities of the fish without loss of equilibrium (sedation stage) during the 4 hour simulated transport at 50 fish per 1,000 ml sea water (15 ppt). At 20 ppm, clove oil caused loss of equilibrium in fish resulting in the anesthesia stage throughout the 4 hour period. However, there was no improvement on survival rate and fish behavior with the use of clove oil during and after this 4 hour transport. Simulated transport at 50 fish per 500 ml sea water (15 ppt) for 8 hour did show better significant survival rate with additional of 5 and 20 ppm clove oil. In both short and long term transport study, clove oil did show the benefit by reducing the fish activities judging from the reduction of oxygen consumption, ammonia and carbon dioxide levels. Addition of appropriate concentration of clove oil in transport water ensured that the fish would stay calm by reducing fish activity and therefore, prevented any drastic changes of water qualities.
Clove oil is used as a fish anesthetic because it is a natural and inexpensive product with low toxicity risks. The goal of the present study was to determine the appropriate concentration of clove oil for small-sized tropical fish to be used in mark-recapture studies or when individuals are to be sacrificed. We applied three different clove oil concentrations (D1=0.05 mL, D2=0.10 mL and D3=0.20 mL per 500 mL of water) on three small-sized fish species. We found a negative relationship between induction time and treatment for two species (Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp.), while concentration was unrelated to recovery time. Fish body length was positively related to induction time in the D2 treatment for Hemigrammus sp., and negatively for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 in the D1 treatment, but was unrelated to recovery time for three species and treatments. Mortality rates varied across treatments, but higher rates were observed with higher clove oil concentrations. We conclude that 0.05 mL of clove oil per 500 mL of water is the most efficient dose for studies where fish will be released back to their natural habitats, while 0.20 mL of clove oil is recommended for studies that require fish euthanization for further laboratory analyses.