Crossing Texts, References and Images. A Survey of a City Planner’s Personal Library in São Paulo (1920-1960) (2/2) Images Representing Urban Ideas (original) (raw)

Abstract

This second article tackles the study of the visual representations of urban problems in sources quoted by him, and brings analyses to the ways they circulated among planners of his generation. The study of printed images in urbanism within the cross-stories of authors permits us to observe connections between their knowledge and the visual universe they had access to. The images thus carry their own significance as vehicles of ideas.

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References (98)

  1. they are linked," 46 taking account of the historicity of each particular case study. Indeed, even if a personal library has its own history, crossing authors, texts and visual representations, its analyses go far beyond the microcosm represented, assuming a transnational interest. Read the first part of this publication, consisting of two articles, entitled "A Cultural Urban History's Case Study: A Network of Actors and Readings".
  2. Heliana Angotti-Salgueiro, José Geraldo Simões Junior, Luiz de Anhaia Mello, um pioneiro do urbanismo paulista, São Paulo, Ed. Mackenzie, 2020.
  3. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Ensaio de Esthetica Sociologica", Revista Polytechnica, n° 82, Sept. 1926, p. 205-220.
  4. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Problemas de Urbanismo: mais uma contribuição para o calçamento", Revista Polytechnica, n° 83, June 1927, p. 343-395.
  5. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Urbanismo: regulamentação e expropriação", Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia, n° 45, São Paulo, Feb. 1929, p. 55-64.
  6. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, Problemas de urbanismo. Bases para a resolução do problema técnico, São Paulo, Escolas Profissionais Salesianas, 1929.
  7. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Urbanismo, o recreio ativo e organizado em cidades modernas", Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia, São Paulo, 1929, p. 145-161.
  8. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, Problemas de urbanismo. O Recreio Ativo e Organizado das Cidades Modernas, São Paulo, Escolas Profissionais Salesianas, 1929.
  9. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "A verdadeira finalidade do urbanismo", Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia, Vol. 11, n° 51, Aug. 1929, p. 106-112.
  10. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Regulamentação dos serviços de utilidade pública", Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia, Vol. VII, ns. 59/ 60, April-May 1930.
  11. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Cidade jardim", Digesto Econômico, n° 36, Nov. 1947, p. 27-30.
  12. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Código de Obras do município de São Paulo", Engenharia, May 1949, p. 424-425.
  13. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Planejamento, arquitetura, engenharia. Contrastes e confrontos", Habitat, São Paulo, n° 38, Jan. 1957, p. 2-8.
  14. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Curso de Urbanismo: elementos de composição regional", São Paulo, Grêmio Politécnico, 1961 [1957].
  15. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Considerações a respeito do planejamento regional de São Paulo", Engenharia Municipal, n° 62, Jan.-March 1974, p. 6-10, [first edition in 1965].
  16. Crossing Texts, References and Images. A Survey of a City Planner's Personal ...
  17. Claudio H. Arasawa, "As raízes da árvore do urbanismo de Anhaia Mello. A conquista da opinião pública", in Heliana Angotti-Salgueiro, J. G. Simões Junior, Luiz de Anhaia Mello, um pioneiro do urbanismo paulista, São Paulo, Ed. Mackenzie, 2020.
  18. Carol Aronovici (ed.), America Can't Have Housing, New York, Museum of Modern Art, 1934.
  19. Harland Bartholomew, The City Plan of Memphis Tennessee: a Comprehensive City Plan. Memphis, City Plan Commission, 1924.
  20. Harland Bartholomew and Associates, "Suggestions for Improving The City's Appearance", City Planning Studies, n° 3, 1927.
  21. Catherine Bauer, "Review on Can Our Cities Survive?", in Social Service Review, Vol. 17, n° 3, The University of Chicago Press, Sept. 1943, p. 382-383.
  22. City Planning, Official Organ of the American City Planning Institute, National Conference on City Planning, Vol. 1, n° 1, April 1925.
  23. City Planning, Official Organ of the American City Planning Institute, National Conference on City Planning. Vol. 4, n° 2, May 1928.
  24. Carl Feiss, "Review on Can Our Cities Survive?", JASAH, Vol. 2, n° 4, Oct. 1942, p. 37-39.
  25. Theodora Kimball Hubbard, "Survey of City and Regional Planning in the US", City Planning, Vol. 1, n° 1, 1925.
  26. Carl Hunt, "Selling City Planning", Planning Problems of Town, City and Region: Papers and Discussions at the 18 th National Conference on City Planning, St Petersburg and Palm Beach, Fla, March 29 to April 1, 1926, p. 175-190.
  27. Hélène Jannière, "Distilled Avant-Garde Echoes: Word and Image in Architectural Periodicals of the 1920s and 1930s", Architectural Histories, 4, 2016, p. 1-21, [online] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5334/ah.211
  28. Laura Kurgan, Dare Brawley (eds.) Ways of Knowing Cities, New York, Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2019.
  29. Donald A. Krueckberg (ed.), The American Planner. Biographies & Recollections, New Brunswick, Center for Urban Police Research, 1994.
  30. Cristina M. Leme, Carlos Andrade, "The Jardim America and Pacaembu Garden Suburbs. Facing the changes to the Metropolis of São Paulo", in Mary Corbin Sies, Isabelle Gournay and Robert Freestone (eds.), Iconic Planned Communities and the Challenge of Change. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
  31. Nelson Lewis, The Planning of the Modern City. A Review of the Principles Governing the City Planning, New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1916.
  32. Karl B. Lohmann, Principles of City Planning, New York/London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1931. Eric Mumford, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 2000.
  33. John Nolen, "The Importance of Citizens' Commitees in Securing Public Support for a City Planning Program", National Conference on City Planning, Los Angeles, April 1924.
  34. Harry A. Overstreet, Influencing Human Behavior, New York, The People's Institute Publishing Company Inc., 1925. Crossing Texts, References and Images. A Survey of a City Planner's Personal ...
  35. Harry A. Overstreet, "Arousing the public interest in City Planning", The American City, New York, June 6, 1928.
  36. Richard B. Parker, "Two years in Brazil", Garden Cities and Town Planning Magazine, Vol. 9, n° 8, 1919, p. 143-151.
  37. Jill Pearlman, Inventing American Modernism. Joseph Hudnut, Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus Legacy at Harvard, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2007.
  38. Fréderic Pousin, "Construire les visualisations du paysage urbain. Pratiques anglaises et américaines de l'après Seconde Guerre", Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine, n° 8 "Pouvoir des Figures", May 2001.
  39. Fréderic Pousin, "Présentation", Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine, 8 "Pouvoir des Figures", May 2001.
  40. Fréderic Pousin (ed.), Figures de la ville et construction des savoirs. Architecture, urbanisme, géographie, Paris, CNRS, 2005.
  41. Paolo Scrivano, Maria Antonella Pelizzari, « Intersection of Photography and Architecture », Introduction, Visual Resources, 27, 2, 2011, p. 107-112, [online] DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2011.568142
  42. Ola Söderström, Des Images pour agir. Le Visuel en urbanisme, Lausanne, Payot, 2000. The American City, New York, Civic Press, 1925-1935.
  43. Chicago Daily Tribune, "Chicago's story in the picture draws applause. Distinguished Audience View Films of City Greatness", 30 Mach 1915, p. 13.
  44. Christian Topalov, "L'Urbanisme comme mouvement social. Militants et professionnels du city- planning aux États-Unis (1909-1917)", Les Annales de la recherche urbaine, n° 44-45 "Pratiques et professions", 1989, p. 139-154.
  45. Urbanisme, n° 1, April 1932.
  46. Pieter Uyttenhove, "Nota bene: ceci n'est qu'un diagramme", Culture et Technique Special Issue "L'usine et la ville. 1836-1986: 150 ans d'urbanisme", Paris, Institut français d'architecture, 1986, p. 112-119.
  47. Charles Wacker, "Perseverance in City Planning" and "City Planning is cooperation", Editorial, in City Planning, Official Organ of the American City Planning Institute, National Conference on City Planning, vol. I, n° 1, April 1925. NOTES
  48. These two articles have been largely reworked and expanded from a chapter written in Portuguese, see: Heliana Angotti-Salgueiro, "Considerações sobre a biblioteca de Luiz de Anhaia Mello. Cruzando seus textos e autores de de referência", in Heliana Angotti-Salgueiro, José Geraldo Simões Junior (eds.), Luiz de Anhaia Mello, um pioneiro do urbanismo paulista, São Paulo, Ed. Mackenzie, 2020, p. 55-105.
  49. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Ensaio de Esthetica Sociologica", Revista Polytechnica, n° 82, Sept 1926, p. 207; and "Discurso da instalação do Código de Obras do município de São Paulo", Engenharia, May 1949, p. 424-425.
  50. See Hélène Jannière, "Distilled Avant-Garde Echoes: World and Image in Architectural Periodicals of the 1920s and 1930s", Architectural Histories, 4/1, 2016, [online] [http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5334/ah.211];
  51. Maria Antonella Pelizzari, Paolo Scrivano, "Intersection of Photography and Crossing Texts, References and Images. A Survey of a City Planner's Personal ...
  52. Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale urbaine et paysagère , Matériaux de la recherche Architecture. Introduction", Visual Resources, 27/2, May 2011, p. 107-112, [online] DOI: [10.1080/01973762.2011.568142].
  53. Some retrospective references: Ola Söderström, Des images pour agir. Le visuel en urbanisme, Lausanne, Payot, 2000; and n° 8 "Pouvoir des Figures", Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine, May 2001; and also Frédéric Pousin, Figures de la ville et construction des savoirs.
  54. Architecture, urbanisme, géographie. Paris, CNRS, 2005. On diagrams, see Peter Uyttenhove, "Nota bene: ceci n'est qu'un diagramme", in L'Usine et la ville. 1836-1986 : 150 ans d'urbanisme, Paris, IFA, 1986. Today, the modes in which cities can be represented and visualized have changed radically -"intermedia" digital data visualization and mapping are at the center of research -see for instance, Laura Kurgana and Dare Brawley (eds.), Ways of Knowing Cities, New York, Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2019.
  55. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, Problemas de Urbanismo. Bases para a resolução do problema técnico, São Paulo, 1929.
  56. See Hunt's conference "Selling City Planning", in Planing Problems of Town, City and Region, papers and discussions at the 18 th National Conference on City Planning, St. Petersburg/Palm Beach, FLA, March 1929, p. 175-190.
  57. Charles Wacker, "Perseverance in City Planning", City Planning (Official Organ of the American City Planning Institute), National Conference on City Planning, Vol. I, n° 1, April 1925, p. 3-5.
  58. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Problemas de Urbanismo: mais uma contribuição para o calçamento", Revista Polytechnica, n° 83, June 1927, p. 362.
  59. The spirit of urbanism for Lavedan is "for some, the will to create a discipline necessary to urban order; for others, to incline to the social sense of the value of such a discipline [...] noting that this spirit is not necessarily found in all advanced civilizations [...] or that not all have bowed to the sacrifices required by this urban art..." (Translated from Urbanisme, n° 1, April 1932, p. 5).
  60. Pierre Lavedan, historian of art and of "urban architecture," is an author that Anhaia Mello quoted among the references for his discipline "Aesthetics, Urban composition and Urbanism," in the Polytechnic School of São Paulo. In his library, he had several of Lavedan's books, Qu'est-ce l'urbanisme? (1926) and Géographie des Villes (1936).
  61. Expressions from Lethaby quoted by Anhaia Mello, "O problema psychologico", op. cit., p. 17.
  62. The American cartoonist Karl K. Knecht's (1883-1972) Papers are in the Special Collections Research Center (Syracuse University, New York). Harry Overstreet wrote: "Is there a more effective, idea-clarifying and emotion-arousing device than the modern cartoon? ... The cartoon is a preeminent way, which conveys an idea. The power of the cartoon is the power of all art, the power of selective emphasis." Cf. Influencing Human Behavior, New York, 1925, p. 57.
  63. See chapter XXIII, "Educational and Promotive Work in City Planning", in Karl B. Lohmann, Principles of City Planning, New York/London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1931, p. 363-366. I also found pamphets mentionning the role of "visual instruction" or on ways of "visualizing citizenship".
  64. Expression from chapters IV and V, from Overstreet, op. cit. Harry A. Overstreet (1875-1970) was a professor in the philosophy department of the College of the City of New York, and an author of popular treatises of psychology, who taught how to apply practical advertising or propaganda about city planning to public opinion. See also chapter III, "The Problem of Vividness" in Influencing Human Behavior, op. cit.
  65. It was a sponsored film to gain support for Chicago's Plan, also mentioned in "Chicago's story in the picture draws applause. Distinguished Audience View Films of City Greatness", in the Chicago Daily Tribune, March 30, 1915, p. 13. I thank Sarah De Mott (Lamon Library at Harvard) for her help in the search of this film, even if we did not succeed.
  66. Overstreet, "Arousing the Public Interest in City Planning", The American City, Vol. 38, n° 6, June 1928, p 85-89, wrote: "[...] we should attempt to make our appeal to the visual-mindedness of Crossing Texts, References and Images. A Survey of a City Planner's Personal ...
  67. Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale urbaine et paysagère , Matériaux de la recherche the community." This author is commented by Karl B. Lohmann, Chap. XXIII, "Keeping the Psychology of the Public on Mind", op. cit., p. 365-66.
  68. Bartholomew's expression in The City Plan of Memphis Tennessee. A Comprehensive City Plan, 1924.
  69. Norman J. Johnston, "Harland Bartholomew. Precedent for the Profession" (1973), reprinted by Donald A. Krueckeberg (ed.), The American Planner. Biographies & Recollections, New Brunswick, Center for Urban Policy Research, 1994 (2 nd ed.).
  70. See for instance, John Nolen, "The Importance of Citizens' Committees in Securing Public Support for a City Planning Program", National Conference on City Planning, Los Angeles, April 1924.
  71. "In 25 years American urbanism has evolved from chaotic and disordered city to beautiful city, then the useful city, then the metropolitan city and now the regional city." See Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Urbanismo: regulamentação e expropriação...", Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia, n° 45, Feb. 1929.
  72. Nelson Lewis' book is a theoretical and complete early manual dedicated to "municipal engineers" and that of Harland Bartholomew's is just a comprehensive plan for a specific city, Memphis. Lewis' book discusses in detail the elements of city planning, proposing in 1916 a "review of the principles governing the city." (The illustrations of Lewis' book deserve their own particular study).
  73. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Urbanismo Regulamentação e Expropriação", op. cit., p. 56.
  74. Some said it was, in fact, an attempt from his author, "an emigrant," to "find a job in USA in the teaching field." See critical analyses quoted by Eric Mumford, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 2000, p. 131-152; and especially the review of Catherine Bauer, Social Service Review, Vol. 17, n° 3, The University of Chicago Press, Sept. 1943, p. 382-383; and that of Carl Feiss', in JASAH, Vol. 2, n° 4, Oct. 1942, p. 37-39.
  75. To understand the positions of the architect Joseph F. Hudnut, first Dean and founder of Harvard's Graduate School of Design in 1936, see Jill Pearlman, Inventing American Modernism.
  76. Joseph Hudnut, Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus Legacy at Harvard, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2007.
  77. Anhaia Mello tried to put in practice controversial laws about the rates of funding improvements in São Paulo, to be imposed on owners who benefited from the valuation brought by the paving of streets, not having to bear the cost burden, thus profiting from the added-value to them. Just as in relation to the constructions that arose uncontrolledly in the growing city, Anhaia Mello suggested limits of densification, retreats, patterns and zoning, concerned with the laissez-faire way "private streets" were being opened in the city by the proprietaries of land. For detailed analyses of these laws, see chapters in Heliana Angotti-Salgueiro, José Geraldo Simões Junior (eds.), Luiz de Anhaia…, op. cit., 2020.
  78. See analyses in Eric Mumford, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism…, op. cit., p. 54 and 79.
  79. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Considerações a respeito do planejamento regional de São Paulo", op. cit, p. 9.
  80. The City of São Paulo Improvements and Freehold Land Company was founded in London by
  81. French, English and Brazilian investors that settled in São Paulo in 1912, and became known for planning several residential neighborhoods under the concept of the "garden city" -starting in 1915, they created about 50 neighborhoods, or 32 millions square meters, in four Brazilian states. About those constructed in São Paulo, see Richard Barry Parker, "Two years in Brazil", Garden Cities and Town Planning Magazine, Vol. 9, n° 8, 1919, p. 143-151. And recently, Leme, Andrade, "The Jardim America and Pacaembu Garden Suburbs. Facing the changes to the Metropolis of São Paulo", in Mary Corbin Sies, Isabelle Gournay and Robert Freestone (eds.), Iconic Planned Communities and the Challenge of Change, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. Crossing Texts, References and Images. A Survey of a City Planner's Personal ...
  82. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Urbanismo, o recreio ativo e organizado em cidades modernas", Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia, São Paulo, n° 47, April 1929.
  83. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, Problemas de urbanismo. O Recreio Ativo e Organizado das Cidades Modernas, São Paulo, 1929.
  84. Ibid, p. 24-26.
  85. Bartholomew, op. cit., p. 14.
  86. Lewis Mumford quoted by Eric Mumford, in "CIAM as Propaganda: Sert's Can Our Cities Survive?", The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960, op. cit., p. 132-134.
  87. Harland Bartholomew, op. cit., p. 117, and Luiz de Anhaia Mello, Revista Polytechnica, op. cit., 1927, p. 348.
  88. Nelson Lewis, op. cit., p. 266.
  89. Cf. Christian Topalov, "L'urbanisme comme mouvement social…", op.cit.
  90. Cf. Catherine Bauer, critical review published in 1943 -she is a known author of distinguished texts on the subject, devoted to the cause of public housing.
  91. Among publications on the subject at that time, see America Can't have Housing, edited by Carol Aronovici, a catalogue of The Housing Exhibition of the City of New York, at the MoMA, in 1934, with texts of R. Unwin, L. Mumford, C. Bauer, W. Gropius, W. Hegeman, A. Sartoris, C. Ascher, H. Wright and C. Aronovici among others. For the critics see The CIAM Discourse in Urbanism, 1928-1960, op. cit., p 142. Despite the ideal vision of suburban cities in documentaries such as The City (1939), one cannot forget the ratially discriminatory character of most of North American garden cities, a theme beyond the subjects of this article.
  92. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Planejamento, arquitetura, engenharia: contrastes e confrontos", Habitat, n° 38, Jan. 1957, p. 5.
  93. The sketch is from Propos d'urbanisme, showing the rules of land occupation concerning: "le statut du terrain, l'échelle des plans, le soleil, l'espace, la verdure, le contrôle de la densité, les banlieues…".
  94. Luiz de Anhaia Mello, "Curso de Urbanismo: elementos de composição regional", op. cit, p. 2.
  95. Ola Söderstrom, Des images pour agir. Le Visuel en urbanisme, Lausanne, Payot, 2000.
  96. Pousin commenting on Söderstrom, in "Présentation" to the dossier n° 8 "Pouvoir des Figures", Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine, May 2001, p. 11.
  97. On this argument, see Frédéric Pousin, "Construire les visualisations du paysage urbain…", op. cit. 2001, p. 51.
  98. Ola Söderstrom, in "Présentation" to the dossier n° 8 "Pouvoir des Figures", Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine, op. cit., p. 10.