Phonology 2 (original) (raw)
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Phonology in a Nutshell - FLASH UIZ (2021–22)
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This is a basic, brief introductory course to Phonology linguistic sub-field. It is primarily made for the students of the department of English studies at the University of Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco, who cannot attend classes, or who suffer from a lack of resources and maybe lack of communication from some, not all their lecturers. The content is collected and based on the syllabus of the professor Yassine Ait Hammou’s 2021-2022 lectures (y.aithammou@uiz.ac.ma), Faculty of Languages, Arts and Humanities, Ait Melloul, Morocco. No need to state that this work might be useful for undergraduate students of Linguistics all over the world! I wish you the best all.
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All praise is due to Allah almighty to whom I express my first and uppermost gratitude for the completion of this dissertation. This thesis could not have been completed without the assistance, constant support and guidance of my supervisor, Wyn Johnson, whose feedback and encouragement are invaluable. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to you, Wyn. Special thanks go to the members of my research committee, David Britain and Rebecca Clift. This work has been improved greatly by your questions and comments. I am also indebted to Enam Al-Wer for all the great discussion we had and for all the useful references she provided me. I am also indebted to the members of the weekly Phonology Workshop, Wyn Johnson, Nancy Kula, Hana Daana, Moris Al-Omar, Jennifer Amos, Catharine Carfoot and Verónica Villafaña, with whom I have interacted during the course of my
Three topics in Arabic phonology
1996
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Casablanca Moroccan Arabic Consonant Phonotactics
This thesis is mainly concerned with the consonant phonotactics of Casablanca Moroccan Arabic (henceforth CMA). I am going to limit myself to the analysis of consonant phonotactics. Hence, vowel phonotactics will not be dealt with in this research. I am going to look at the possible and impossible clusters w-initially and w-finally (i.e. onsets and codas). There are two main motivations for the choice of the topic (CMA consonant Phonotactics). The first motivation is to see how clusters in CMA are concatenated. The second motivation comes from the fact that CMA is not a well studied language. As far as I can tell, there is only one work on CMA syllable structure which was done by Abdedaziz Boudlal (2001). He dealt with it from a constraint-based perspective, but he didn’t deal with CMA co-occurrence restrictions. To the best of my knowledge, there is no research done before on CMA phonotactics using feature geometry. In this research, CMA syllable structure will be dealt with from a feature geometry perspective; I will look at it from a different perspective so as not to replicate what has been done. The purpose of this study is twofold. The main aim is to examine CMA co-occurrence restrictions using the following theoretical outlooks: syllable structure (i.e. sonority principle), autosegmental phonology (i.e. Obligatory Contour Principle, henceforth OCP) and constriction-based model of feature geometry. The focus will be on feature geometry since it is the major model that will be used in this study. The second aim is to describe and examine CMA syllable structure. I will discuss the role of sonority in assigning syllable structure to sequences of segments. Since syllable structure is so relevant to co-occurrence restrictions, I will dwell at length on CMA syllable structure which will of course help clarify CMA phonotactics. Together with the two main objectives mentioned above, I also aim to provide a better understanding of the three outlooks (i.e. syllable structure, autosegmental phonology, and feature geometry), and address other current theoretical issues within the previous theories. Since my primary concern is empirical coverage, I will deal with the different phonological processes, namely epenthesis, vowel reduction, vowel lengthening, strengthening, weakening, diphthongization, and glide formation. I will also make use of various tools with which I will examine CMA consonant phonotactics such as a constriction-based model, OCP, a two- root theory of length, tier conflation, etc. Having said this, I will next present the organization of the thesis. The thesis is organized into four main chapters. The general introduction states the purpose, and presents the organization of the study. Chapter one sketches the geographical and dialectal situation of Casablanca, and presents the methodology. Also, it will be devoted to some general aspects of CMA phonology and morphology. In this chapter, I will present the consonantal and vocalic system of CMA. It will examine the CMA morphology with examples. This chapter will shed light on root-and- pattern morphology. The discussion will involve both morphological processes, derivation and inflection. The second chapter is a review of the theoretical tools that will be employed in the analysis of CMA phonotactics. The section about syllable structure will be concerned with the syllable, the sonority principle, extrasyllabicity, licensing and geminates. The review of the literature on syllable structure and other issues will mainly focus on the works done on Moroccan Arabic (hereafter MA). These works include: Abdelmassih (1973), Benhallam (1980), Benkaddour (1982), Keegan (1986), Hammoumi (1988), Al Ghadi (1990), Rguibi (1990), Boudlal (1993, 2001), and El Medlaoui and Dell (2002). The second section about autosegmental phonology will deal with the OCP, association convention, no crossing constraint (NCC), and the skeletal tier, etc. The last section in the first chapter will present the main issues in feature geometry such as an articulator-based model, a constriction-based model, and the root node, etc. The focus will be on the so-called constriction-based model. In the third chapter, I will examine CMA syllable structure. This chapter will present the data which will be listed in terms of parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, and prepositions). The words will also be classified with respect to their number of syllables (i.e. monosyllabic, disyllabic, and trisyllabic words). The data will also involve geminate words (initial, medial and final geminates) since I am going to devote a subsection to the treatment of geminates (i.e. both accidental and true geminates). In this chapter, I will look at the peak of CMA, and present the onset and coda restrictions. Finally, some syllable-related phonological processes such as vowel reduction, strengthening, lengthening, glide formation, epenthesis and deletion will be presented from a feature geometry perspective. The fourth chapter is devoted to the examination of CMA consonant phonotactics. In this chapter, I will have two charts involving CMA consonants (sounds), and will look at the possible and the impossible clusters in both the onset and coda positions. The CMA phonotactics will be analyzed from feature geometry and autosegmental perspectives. Finally, the conclusion will summarize the findings and state the limitations of the work. Having considered the purpose and organization of the study, the following section will give a general overview of the aspects of CMA phonology and morphology.
Phonology, 2012
Goldsmith's (1995) Handbook of phonological theory provided an influential overview of the field in the mid-90s, earning a well-deserved place on the shelf of practising phonologists. The volume under review is not the first to attempt to update this classic work. Two other recent handbooks of comparable length and scope are the second edition of Goldsmith (Goldsmith et al. 2011), and de Lacy's (2007) well-received Cambridge handbook of phonology. Besides evaluating how well the current work meets the general expectations that readers have for a handbook, this review must necessarily also address the inevitable questions : why yet another handbook of phonology just now ? ; how does this volume distinguish itself from its competitors ? ; does this work fill a gap that is not met by the other handbooks ? The names of the editors and authors provide the first clue to what makes this volume distinctive. Almost all contributors work and/or received their PhDs in Europe, whereas North American phonologists dominate the other handbooks. The European perspective is felt in several of the core chapters in the second and longest part of the volume, ' Research issues ', which discuss certain approaches-such as Element Theory, Government Phonology and CV theory-that tend to be less well known in North America. The chapter by Botma, Kula & Nasukawa on ' Features' has a comprehensive discussion of the phonetic motivation for different feature theories in early generative phonology, followed by a clear introduction to Element Theory. One of the distinctive properties of Element Theory is that the same feature can have different phonetic realisations, depending on the featural configuration (in particular, which other feature is the head of the configuration). The advantages of representing voicing and nasality with a single feature are exemplified with a detailed analysis of alternations involving nasal prefixes in Zoque. Péter Szigetvári's chapter on ' Syllables ' follows a critical historical survey of motivations for syllable structure with an exceptionally clear introduction to CV theory, a theory which essentially dispenses with the syllable as a constituent. As someone who was not trained in this approach, I read the chapter with scepticism. However, by the end of it I felt I had an appreciative understanding of how strict CV licensing can account for classic problems like restrictions on consonant and vowel clusters which are usually considered motivations for syllable structure. Both this chapter and the one on features will be read with interest by phonologists wishing to understand the highlighted theories better. They will surely be recommended to students as useful introductory chapters by phonologists working in the theories presented. However, as the focus in these chapters is on the particular theories under discussion, they are not intended to provide a useful guide to current research and issues in other frameworks.