Rates and correlates of employment in patients with schizophrenia: A multicenter study in Turkey (original) (raw)
Related papers
The International journal of social psychiatry, 2015
Steady employment constitutes one of most important aspects of functional recovery in schizophrenia. Therefore, there is a need for understanding clinical and demographic factors predicting vocational status in schizophrenia. Clinical and demographic data of 1,010 schizophrenia patients were gathered from public outpatient clinics. We compared patients who maintained employment between the diagnosis time point and the day of assessment, with the patients who were employed in the diagnosis time point but were unemployed on the day of assessment with respect to clinical and demographic variables. Lower educational attainment, lower-income region of residence, medical comorbidities (obesity, diabetes and hypertension), first hospitalization at inpatient unit in comparison with the day hospital, higher total number of hospitalizations and the number of inpatient hospitalizations were found to serve as predictors of unemployment throughout the course of schizophrenia. After application o...
Rates and Correlates of Employment in People with Schizophrenia
Background Little is known about international variations in employment rates among people with schizophrenia or about the factors associated with employment in this disorder. Aims To describe employment patterns and the variables associated with working in an international sample of people with schizophrenia. Method An analysis was made of baseline data from the European Schizophrenia Cohort study, a 2-year investigation of people with schizophrenia in contact with secondary services and living in France, Germany and the UK (n=1208). Results Participants were working in all sections of the job market. People who had a degree, were living with their families or had experienced only a single episode of illness were more likely to be working. A continuous illness course, more severe non-psychotic symptoms and drug misuse reduced the odds of employment. There were large variations between centres in employment rates, which were highest in the three German study sites. These differences persisted after adjustment for individual characteristics. Conclusions Local social contexts may be as important as individual or illness-related factors in explaining employment status.
Predictors of employment status change over 2 years in people with schizophrenia living in Europe
"SUMMARY. Aim – To examine the associations of job acquisition and loss in a representative, prospective community sample of people with schizophrenia living in the UK, France and Germany. Method – A representative sample of twelve hundred and eight people with schizophrenia were recruited from selected secondary mental health services in the U.K, France and Germany and followed up for 2 years. Information on demographic details, psychotic symptoms and work status was collected. Results – The odds of getting jobs were increased by being resident in Marseille, Leipzig, Hemer and Heilbronn and by a higher regional general population employment rate. The odds were reduced by living in Lyon, a later illness onset, a longer length of illness, a continuous illness course and more severe negative psychotic symptoms. Previous vocational training reduced the odds of losing employment, whilst living in Lyon or Leipzig, harmful use of alcohol and more positive psychotic symptoms at baseline all increased the odds. Conclusions – In addition to illness related factors, area of residence and local labour market conditions appear to be important in explaining employment status change in people with schizophrenia. Declaration of Interest: All authors declare there are no conflicts of interest. This study was funded by grants from Lundbeck A/S and from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. "
Schizophrenia and Employment: a review
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2004
Background: Little is known about the extent to which work contributes to the recovery of people with schizophrenia. There is increasing interest in the subject because of new service models and the economic cost of unemployment in people with severe mental illness. Methods: A literature search was carried out with the aim of investigating: a) employment rates in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis and the extent to which they have changed over time; b) the barriers to work; c) the factors associated with being employed among people with schizophrenia; and d) whether employment influences other outcomes in schizophrenia. Results: There are wide variations in reported employment rates in schizophrenia. Most recent European studies report rates between 10 % and 20%, while the rate in the US is less clear. There is a higher level of employment among first-episode patients. The employment rate in schizophrenia appears to have declined over the last 50 years in the UK. Barriers to getting employment include stigma,discrimination, fear of loss of benefits and a lack of appropriate professional help. The most consistent predictor of employment is previous work history. Working is correlated with positive outcomes in social functioning, symptom levels, quality of life and self esteem, but a clear causal relationship has not been established. Conclusions: Very low employment rates are not intrinsic to schizophrenia, but appear to reflect an interplay between the social and economic pressures that patients face, the labour market and psychological and social barriers to working.
Access of Discharged Schizophrenia Patients to Employment and Association Memberships in Turkey
Hospital Practices and Research, 2016
Background: Patients with schizophrenia can experience a deteriorated performance in many of the skills needed in daily life, the workplace, the family circle, or in social interactions. Objective: This definitive study used comparison to evaluate the functionality, treatment compliance to therapy, and styles of coping with stress of schizophrenic patients who work and are members of an association. Methods: The individuals participating in this study were divided into four groups. Group 1 were members of an association and employed; Group 2 were members of an association and unemployed; Group 3 comprised non-members who were employed; and group 4 were non-members and unemployed. A total of 60 patients (15 in each group) comprised the sample. Data was collected by means of the Individual Information Form, the Adaptation Rate Scale for Medical Therapy, the Functional Recovery Scale in Schizophrenia Patients, and the Scale for Coping with Stress. Statistical analyses and interpretations were conducted using frequency and percentage, t test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the data. Results: It was observed that being a member of an association and working at a job affected the social and occupational functionalities in schizophrenia patients participating in the study, but the styles of therapy adaptation and coping with stress did not affect these areas. Conclusion: Results indicated that the use of current antipsychotic drugs did not affect functional areas, therapy adaptation, or styles of coping with stress.
International Journal of …
Background: Gainful employment is one major area of functioning which is becoming an important goal in psychiatric rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia. Studies in western countries are pointing to evidence that certain sociodemographic and clinical factors may contribute to employment outcomes in this group of people. However, the area is still largely unexplored in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to examine the sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive correlates of employment status among patients with Schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. All participants who fulfilled the requirements of the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Study instruments included a demographic data questionnaire, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Trail Making Tests, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Digit Span. Bivariate analyses were done using chi-square for categorical data and t-test for continuous data and multiple logistic regression analysis was done to identify predictors of employment status. Results: A total of 95 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Among the sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive variables studied marital status, educational level, mean scores of negative symptoms, Digit Span and RAVLT and Trail Making Tests were found to show significant association with employment status on bivariate analyses. However, when entered into a logistic regression model, only cognitive variables ie. Trail A and B, Digit Span and RAVLT were significant predictors of employment status.
A Prospective Analysis of Work in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2001
This study examined the longitudinal course of competitive employment in patients with schizophrenia following treatment for an acute exacerbation, and prospectively predicts work approximately 2 years later from sododemographic and clinical characteristics. A sample of 528 patients was assessed at baseline, and 313 were followed up 1 and 2 years later. Assessments included sododemographic characteristics, premorbid functioning, work history, symptoms, social functioning, recent efforts to find work, and interest hi work. Analyses examined changes in competitive work from baseline to the followups, the correlates of work history, the prospective prediction of work at the 1-and 2year followup assessments, and correlates of competitive work. Competitive employment increased significantly from 10 percent at baseline to 23 percent and 21 percent at the 1-and 2-year followups, respectively. At baseline, among patients who were not competitively working, 61 percent reported interest in working. Patients who were not competitively employed at baseline but reported making recent efforts to find work were more likely to be working at the followups than other not employed patients. Work at the 1-and 2-year followups was predicted by prior work experience, patient and mother's educational level, cognitive impairment, and social functioning. Similar correlates of current work status were found. Interventions may need to target educational level, cognitive impairment, and social competence and functioning in order to improve the competitive employment outcomes of persons with schizophrenia.
■ Abstract Background Little is known about the extent to which work contributes to the recovery of people with schizophrenia. There is increasing interest in the subject because of new service models and the economic cost of unemployment in people with severe mental illness. Methods A literature search was carried out with the aim of investigating: a) employment rates in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis and the extent to which they have changed over time; b) the barriers to work; c) the factors associated with being employed among people with schizophrenia; and d) whether employment influences other outcomes in schizophrenia. Results There are wide variations in reported employment rates in schizophrenia. Most recent European studies report rates between 10 % and 20 %, while the rate in the US is less clear. There is a higher level of employment among first-episode patients. The employment rate in schizophrenia appears to have declined over the last 50 years in the UK. Barriers to getting employment include stigma, discrimination, fear of loss of benefits and a lack of appropriate professional help. The most consistent predictor of employment is previous work history. Working is correlated with positive outcomes in social functioning, symptom levels, quality of life and self esteem, but a clear causal relationship has not been established. Conclusions Very low employment rates are not intrinsic to schizophrenia, but appear to reflect an interplay between the social and economic pressures that patients face, the labour market and psychological and social barriers to working. ■