Formulation and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers demonstrating the stabilizing effect against peroxidation of strawberry and blackcurrant seed oils (original) (raw)
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Encapsulation of safflower oil in nanostructured lipid carriers for food application
Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021
Safflower oil (SO) is mainly rich in linoleic acid (x-6), oleic acid (x-9), and other bioactives with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, thermogenic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anticancer activities. The reduced aqueous solubility and high susceptibility to oxidative degradation are undesirable for food applications and can be overcome by incorporation in lipid nanoparticles. Thus, the main goal was to develop and characterize SO-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC-SO) and to evaluate their potential for protection of the antioxidant activity of the bioactive. NLC-SO showed average size of 222 ± 2.0 nm, zeta potential of 43 ± 3.5 mV and the encapsulation efficiency was 49.0 ± 2.8%, combined with high thermal compatibility (up to 228°C) and physical stability for up to 60 days in aqueous dispersion. Besides, the NLC-SO showed threefold reduction in the DPPH radical scavenge activity after encapsulation, indicating protection of the antioxidant components of the SO and preservation of the bioactives. Keyword Antioxidant activity Á Bioactives Á Edible oils Á Food supplement Á Nanoencapsulation Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of variance Aw Water activity BHT Butylhydroxytoluene DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium) DSC Differential scanning calorimetry EE Encapsulation efficiency FTIR Fourier transform infrared GRAS Generally recognized as safe L-b-SLN Lyophilized blank lipid nanoparticles L-NLC-SO Lyophilized Safflower oil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers NLC Nanostructured lipid carriers NLC-SO Safflower oil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers PDI Polydispersity index RSA Radical scavenger activity SLN Solid lipid nanoparticles SO Safflower oil TG Thermogravimetry XRD X-ray diffraction ZP Zeta potential
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): A potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules
Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2013
Particle size and physical state of the lipid phase are major factors influencing the permanence of lipid dispersions. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are a delivery system in which partial-crystallized lipid particles with mean radii ≤ 100 nanometers are dispersed in an aqueous phase containing emulsifier(s), as a potential delivery system may have some advantages in certain circumstances when compared with other colloidal carriers. NLC are a useful nutraceutical delivery system with high drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and stability. They may increase, bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds, and shelf-life, consumer acceptability, functionality, nutritional value and safety of food systems, and provide controlled release of encapsulated materials. In this review, beneficial aspects of NLC are presented and valuable information about ingredients, production methods, structure and characteristics of them provided. Moreover, potential applications and disadvantages of NLC as emerging delivery system in food science are introduced. Industrial relevance: With the increasing public perception of a strong correlation between food and disease prevention, producers are trying to enrich staple foods and beverages with nutraceuticals and produce functional foods. Nonetheless, fortification of aqueous-based food with many of nutraceuticals is greatly limited owing to their poor water-solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability. NLC are a novel nanocarrier that may dispel these limitations, combine the advantages of other lipid nanocarriers and avoid some of their disadvantages. They may be suitable for application within foods and transparent/opaque beverages.
Effective Lipid Nanocarriers Based on Linseed Oil for Delivery of Natural Polyphenolic Active
Journal of Nanomaterials
The main purpose of the present research was to test the ability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to efficiently host a hydrophilic polyphenol active with health-promoting activities (caffeic acid (CA)). The caffeic acid-loaded lipid nanocarriers (CA-NLCs) were obtained by high-pressure homogenization technique using a surfactant mixture of Tween 20 and L-α-phosphatidylcholine in association with a lipid mixture of linseed oil, hexadecyl palmitate, and glycerol monostearate. In the first stage, the proportion between surfactant mixture and lipid phase has been varied to obtain appropriate stable nanocarriers. The optimized NLCs have been further loaded with different amounts of caffeic acid and were analyzed in terms of physical stability, size characteristics, and encapsulation efficiency. The antioxidant activity of CA-loaded NLCs and their release behavior have been tested by specific in vitro methods, e.g., ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assa...
Storage Stability of Wheat Germ Oil Encapsulated within Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
2020
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of surfactant composition on the physical properties of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) containing wheat germ oil (WGO) and to investigate the influence of both surfactant composition and pH on the oxidative stability of WGO encapsulated within the NLCs. The results showed that the smallest particle size (52.7 nm) was related to the NLC with the poloxamer-to-lipid ratio of 1:1 (Polox-NLC-1). Polox-NLC-1 not only showed good stability during storage, but also indicated a suitable physical structure from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The oxidative stability results indicated that the NLCs were more successful than O/W emulsion in protecting the WGO from oxidation. Additionally, the oxidative stability of the NLC with the poloxamer-to-lipid ratio of 2:1 (Polox-NLC-2) looked promising. Furthermore, NLCs prepared with the surfactant of poloxamer as a non-ionic surfactant had greater oxidative stability at high pH, an...
Lipid nanocarriers based on natural compounds: an evolving role in further plant extracts delivery
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2014
The vegetable oils and extracts known for their beneficial effects should be identified and used in various forms for the development of new healthy products. This study was designed to provide further investigation on new nanocarriers made with hempseed oil or a blend of amaranth and hempseed oils, for a concomitant encapsulation and release of the carotenoids enriched plant extract. The size of plant extract loaded lipid nanocarriers ranging between 109 and 130 nm was found to be less influenced by the different ratios of hempseed and amaranth oils. For all of the synthesized nanocarriers, zeta potential values were negative (À33.4 Ä À38.1 mV). The scanning calorimetry study has shown that lipid nanocarriers have favorable lattice defects for plant extract encapsulation. Entrapment efficiency results revealed an increase of carotenoids entrapment from 57.6 to 83.5% as the amaranth oil percent has been increased. High ability to scavenge the free oxygenated radicals was distinguished for all free and loaded nanocarriers. The level of antioxidant activity increase was proportional to the extent of vegetable oil and was ranging between 93.4 and 98.1%. The nanocarriers made with amaranth and hempseed oils have shown a more sustained release over time than those prepared with hempseed oil only in association with solid lipids.
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, with high antimicrobial and antifungal potential. Unfortunately, its topical antifungal efficacy is limited because it is volatile, thermolabile and easily oxidized. A formulation has been developed to overcome this problem by encapsulating TTO in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Aims: To determine the effect of the liquid to solid lipid ratio on the physicochemical properties and the stability of TTO-loaded NLC. Methods: Five formula of TTO-loaded NLCs were produced by high shear homogenization method and characterized according to their particle size, size distribution, polydispersity, zeta potential, thermal characteristics, X-ray diffraction, and terpinen-4-ol concentration. In addition, a stability study was conducted by observing its physical and chemical characteristics during storage in the refrigerator (4 ± 2°C) and at room temperature (27 ± 2°C) for six months. Results: The resulting TTO-loaded NLC had an average droplet size under 400 nm. The particle size increases with increasing amount of liquid lipid in the formula. There were insignificant changes in organoleptic properties, polydispersity index, zeta potential and terpinene-4-ol concentration during stability study for six months. However, the particle size slightly increased during the six months of storage. Furthermore, the NLC 3, which formulated with a 25:95 ratio liquid to solid lipid, was be chosen as the best formula, since it demonstrated the best physicochemical characteristic and stability. Conclusions: TTO-loaded NLC with good physicochemical characteristics and stability has been successfully developed. In addition, NLC 3 is considered as the best NLC formula, which exhibits characteristics and stability that meet the requirements.
Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science
Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is a second generation lipid nanoparticle formed by blends of solid and liquid lipids through hot homogenization technique. In this study, arachidic acid (C20) and erucic acid (C22:1) were used as solid lipids while oleic acid as liquid lipid in the preparation of NLC. Five types of NLC were prepared by varying the amount of oleic acid (C18:1) with respect to arachidic acid while maintaining the amount of erucic acid. Physical stability of the prepared NLC was characterized by its size and zeta potential for a period of 28 days. The results showed that the size of NLCs were between 200 to 260 nm with zeta potential of -55 to -40 mV. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data showed that presence of oleic acid reduces the crystallinity of nanoparticle. Apart from that, depending on the compositions, the morphology of NLC examined under transmission electron microscopy’s (TEM) was round to elongate in shape. Then, active ingredients of ascorbic aci...
Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with free phytosterols for food applications
Food Chemistry, 2019
The objective of this study was to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with free phytosterols (FP) using conventional fats and oils. Lipid matrices (LMs) and NLCs were produced with high oleic sunflower oil, fully hydrogenated canola (CA) and crambe (CR) oils by high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The NLCs were evaluated for hydrodynamic diameter (Z-ave), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP). The melting behavior and polymorphism were investigated for both, the LMs and NLCs. The NLCs presented particle sizes ranging from 148.23 to 342.10nm, PDI from 0.275 to 0.481, and ZP between-22.27 and-29.70mV. The NLCs presented higher thermal resistance than that of the LMs. The use of CA and CR separately in the NLC formulations favored the incorporation of FP. The LMs and NLCs presented crystals in β-form and in mixtures of β' and β forms. The developed NLCs can be used for food enrichment, such as spreads, margarine, and beverages.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2023
Objective: To develop the nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC's) using clarified butter. Methods: Haloperidol-loaded microemulsion templates were prepared by using Smix of Tween 80 and propylene glycol in the ratio 1:2. The selection of the mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant (Smix) and their appropriate proportion were decided by the traditional way of construction of pseudo ternary phase diagrams. 2 2 factorial design was used to check the amenability of the formulation for its successful scale-up. Sonication time and the amount of Smix were selected as independent variables and their influence on the globular size (Y1) of the microemulsions formed was evaluated by using statistical models. Composition of the optimized microemulsion template was further used to prepare haloperidol-loaded NLC's by 'microemulsion quenching method'. Results: The microemulsion formulations containing Tween 80 as a surfactant and propylene glycol as a co-surfactant exhibited the smallest globular size and hence this composition was used further to implement factorial design as design of experiments. The statistical analysis of the data suggested that the microemulsion formulation can be scaled up successfully. NLC's were prepared from the optimized microemulsion formulation as template. The globular size of NLC's was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and was observed to be in the range of 300 to 600 nm. Conclusion: The present work suggested that the latency of the clarified butter as a natural blend of solid lipid and liquid lipids can be successfully explored to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers.
Lipid nanocarriers based on natural compounds: An evolving role in plant extract delivery
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2014
The vegetable oils and extracts known for their beneficial effects should be identified and used in various forms for the development of new healthy products. This study was designed to provide further investigation on new nanocarriers made with hempseed oil or a blend of amaranth and hempseed oils, for a concomitant encapsulation and release of the carotenoids enriched plant extract. The size of plant extract loaded lipid nanocarriers ranging between 109 and 130 nm was found to be less influenced by the different ratios of hempseed and amaranth oils. For all of the synthesized nanocarriers, zeta potential values were negative (−33.4 ÷ −38.1 mV). The scanning calorimetry study has shown that lipid nanocarriers have favorable lattice defects for plant extract encapsulation. Entrapment efficiency results revealed an increase of carotenoids entrapment from 57.6 to 83.5% as the amaranth oil percent has been increased. High ability to scavenge the free oxygenated radicals was distinguish...