Electrochemical Removal of Copper and Lead from Industrial Wastewater: Mass Transport Enhancement (original) (raw)

2009, Water Quality Research Journal

Abstract

The effects of ultrasonic frequencies on both the mass transport process and diffusion layer were investigated during electrochemical treatment. The rates of mass transfer at a stainless steel cathode were measured for copper and lead in dilute acidified copper sulphate and lead nitrate solutions at different ultrasonic frequencies. Concentrations in bulk solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. By increasing frequencies from 40 to 100 kHz, a high value for the mass transfer coefficient and an effective thinning of the diffusion layer were observed. Higher rates of mass transfer reduced energy consumption. Use of ultrasound with electrochemical processes can provide valuable contributions to remove metallic ions from industrial wastewater without using extra chemicals. The process has efficiently reduced the cost of energy consumption and deposition time.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (29)

  1. Ball J, Compton RG. 1999. Application of ultrasound to electrochemical measurements and analyses. Electrochemistry 67:912-919.
  2. Banks CE, Compton RG. 2004. Ultrasound: promoting electroanalysis in diffi cult real world media. The Analyst 129:678-683.
  3. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. 2001. Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications, 2 nd Edition. Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-471-04372-9.
  4. Bing DU, Ian IS. 2004. Water diffusion coeffi cients during copper electropolishing. J. Appl. Electrochem. 34:1215-1219.
  5. Bourgeois W, Burgess JE, Stuets RM. 2001. On-line monitoring of wastewater quality: a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 76:337-348.
  6. Compton RG, Eklund JC, Marken F. 1997a. Sonoelectrochemical Processes: A Review. Electroanalysis 9:509-522.
  7. Compton RG, Eklund JC, Marken F, Rebbitt TO, Akkermans RP, Waller DN. 1997b. Dual activation: coupling ultrasound to electrochemistry-An overview. Electrochim. Acta 42:2919-2927.
  8. Farooq R, Lin FK, Shaukat SF, Huang JJ. 2003. Sonochemical degradation of organophosphorus pesticide in dilute aqueous solutions. J. Environ. Sci. (China) 15(5):710-714.
  9. Farooq R, Wang Y, Shaukat SF, Lin FK. 2006. Effect of ultrasound on the removal of copper from model solutions for copper electrolysis process. Water Res. 36(12):3165-3169.
  10. Genders JE, Weinberg NL. 1992. Electrochemistry for cleaner environment. Electrosynthesis Company Inc., East Amherst, New York.
  11. Gutierrez CA, Ball JC, Compton RG. 1998. Anodic stripping voltammetry at a hydrodynamic mercury electrode under high mass transport conditions. 2. Experimental verifi cation of theory and implications for sonovoltammetry. J. Phys. Chem. B 102:7028- 7032.
  12. Juttner K, Galla U, Schmieder H. 2000. Electrochemical approaches to environmental problems in the process industry. Electorchim. Acta 45: 2575-2594.
  13. Klima J, Bernard C, Degrand C. 1994. Sonoelectrochemistry: Effects of ultrasound on voltammetric measurements at a solid electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 367:297-300.
  14. Kobayashi K, Chiba A, Minami N. 2000. Effects of ultrasound on both electrolytic and electroless nickel depositions. Ultrasonics 38:676-681.
  15. Kobayashi K, Chiba A, Tsuzuki K, Minami N. 2001. The effects of ultrasound on faradaic processes and the interfaces of metal-electrolyte in copper electrodeposition systems, p. 393-394. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Acoustics. Rome, Italy. September 2-7, 2001.
  16. Kreysa G. 1988. Electrochemistry for better environment. In Stucki S (ed.), Process Technologies for Water Ttreatment. Plenum Press, New York, p. 65.
  17. Kreysa G, Juttner K, Lapique F, Storck A, Wragg AA. 1994. Electrochemical engineering and energy. Plenum, New York, p. 255.
  18. Marken F, Akkermans RP, Compton RG. 1996. Voltammetry in the presence of ultrasound: the limit of acoustic streaming induced diffusion layer thinning and the effect of solvent viscosity. J. Electroanal. Chem. 415:55-63.
  19. Marken F, Eklund JC, Compton RG. 1995. Voltammetry in the presence of ultrasound: Can ultrasound modify heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics. J. Electroanal. Chem. 395:335-339.
  20. Metcalf L, Eddy H. 2003. Wastewater engineering: Treatment and reuse. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. 4 th Edition. Tata McGraw Hill Inc., New Delhi.
  21. Rajeshwar K, Ibanez JG. 1997. Fundamentals and applications in pollution abatement environmental electrochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
  22. Richard M, Joel F. 2002. Use of ultrasonic agitation for copper electroplating. Industrial Materials Institute, NRC Boucherville, Canada.
  23. Silberberg Chemistry. 2003. The molecular nature of matter and change. 3 rd Edition. McGraw Hill, New York.
  24. Sirajuddin LK, Ghosia L, Muhammad IB, Afzal S, Abdul N. 2007. Electrolytic recovery of chromium salts from tannery wastewater. J. Hazard. Mater. 148:560-565.
  25. Sirajuddin. LK, Ghosia L, Rafi UM. 2004. Electrolytic recovery of nickel from industrial hydrogenated vegetable oil (ghee) waste. Acta Chimica Slovenica 51:793-798.
  26. Touyeras F, Hihn JY, Bourgion X, Jacques B, Hallez L, Branger V. 2005. Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the properties of coatings obtained by electroless plating and electroplating. Ultrasonics Sonochemisty 12:13-19.
  27. Walker R. 1993. Advances in Sonochemistry, p. 125. In Mason TJ (ed.), Ultrasonic Agitation in Metal Finishing. JAI Press, London, vol. 3.
  28. Walton DJ, Phull SS. 1996. Sonoelectrochemistry, p. 205. In Mason TJ (ed.) Advances in Sonochemistry. JAI Press, London, vol. 4.
  29. Wang H, Jepson WP. 2000. Effect of bubbles on mass transfer in multiphase fl ow, p. 3-16. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens.