The aqueous extract of Codiaeum variegatum and its fractions exhibit in vitro antiparasitic activity against Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis (original) (raw)
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Phytochemical profile of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Bl.
The present study investigates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive constituents of different parts like root, stem and leaf of medicinally important plant Codiaeum variegatum using seven different solvents. Qualitative study of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, fatty acids, tannins, protein and amino acids, gum and mucilage, terpenoids, anthroquinones and phenols showed different types of results in different solvents. Quantitative estimation revealed that phytochemicals are in between the following range alkaloids in between the range of (4.66 -10.2%), flavonoids (33.1-37.63%), saponins (11.36-13.76%), phenolics (35.43-39.76%), tannins (10.5-18.5%), terpenoids (27.56- 30.3%).
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract from Varthemia iphionoides Leaves
In the Mediterranean region, Varthemia iphionoides is commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The present study described the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of V. iphionoides leaves. The extract was assayed against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract was investigated against six standard bacterial species and was found to exhibit high antibacterial activity. The most sensitive bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 followed by Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 95047. The least sensitive bacterium to V. iphionoides methanolic extract was Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC43895. Antifungal susceptibility of 13 fungal species was tested against V. iphionoides methanolic extract. Among the fungal species studied, Fusarium lini was the most sensitive and Beauveria bassiana was the most resistant to the extract. Good antifungal activity has been displayed by the methanolic extract of V. iphionoides against Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus flavus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Gibberella fujikuroi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Cephalosporum aphidicola, Rhizoupus stolonifer, Curvularia lunata and Cunninghamella elegans. The observed antimicrobial potential of V. iphionoides indicated that this plant possesses bioactive compounds that are able to combat pathogenic microorganisms and support its traditional use in the treatment of pathogen infection.
2016
Eugenia uniflora, used ethnomedically in some tropical countries as an anti-infective, has shown anti-malarial and anti-trypanocidal activities. Therefore using bioactivity guided fractionation, anti-trichomonal activity of E. uniflora leaf was investigated. Anti-trichomonal activities of leaf methanol extract and its fractions against Trichomonas gallinae as well as their cytotoxicities using an in vitro haemaglutination assay were determined. Anti-trichomonacidal activities of the extract improved on purification up to a stage. Subfractions E2-5 had LC50 and LC90 values of 4.77- 5.28, 18.49- 25.00 and 4.53- 5.18, 18.32-19.07 μg/ml at 24 and 48 hrs, respectively that were better than those of metronidazole. Further purification of E2-5 led to loss of activity suggesting that the active components were probably working synergistically and additively. Demonstration of low haemaglutination titre values of 0.00 – 5.33 by methanolic extract and its partition fractions suggested their lo...
Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology
Background and objectives: Codiaeum variegatum (C. variegatum), which is commonly known as garden croton, is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of amoebiasis in Cameroon and some Asian countries. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the stem crude extracts of C. variegatum. Methods: Aqueous, hydroethanolic 70/30 (v/v) and ethanolic extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibitory assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on the inhibition of nitric oxide production on isolated mouse macrophages activated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these extracts on 5-lipoxygenase activity and bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation was determined, and the activation of two lysosomal enzymes involved in phagocytosis was performed. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts was performed using standard methods. Results: The results revealed that the ethanolic extract (EE) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, in terms of DPPH-free radical scavenging activity, FRAP, and its potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation (IC 50 = 77.04 µg extract/mol of DPPH; EC 50 = 543.6 µg/mL and IC 50 = 21.52 µg/mL, respectively). However, this activity remained significantly lower than that of ascorbic acid (p < 0,05). Furthermore, the hydroethanolic extract (HE) had the highest anti-inflammatory activity on isolated mouse macrophages, in terms of inhibitory activity on NO production, BSA denaturation, and 5-lipoxygenase activity (IC 50 = 8.80 µg/mL, IC 50 = 205.9 µg/mL, IC 50 = 0.08 µg/mL, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory activity of baicalin. Moreover, the activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased in the presence of the HE (EC 50 = 10.03 µg/mL and EC 50 = 0.274 µg/mL, respectively). The phytochemical analysis of these extracts indicates the presence of phenolic compounds, and these may be responsible for the observed activities. Conclusions: Overall, these results demonstrate that the hydroethanolic and ethanolic stem extracts of C. variegatum have good
Chemical analysis and giardicidal effectiveness of the aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf
2018
Searching for new effective and safe treatment of Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) parasite is mandatory. The aim was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of an aqueous extract prepared from the leaves of Cymbagogon citratus (CcAE) against G. lamblia and to reveal the phenolic and antioxidant properties of CcAE. Methods: CcAE (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 μg/ml) was in vitro incubated with G. lamblia trophozoites in comparison with metronidazole (MTZ 10 and 25 μg/ml). Growth inhibition was evaluated after 3, 24, and 48 h of drug exposure. Infected groups of mice were orally treated for 7 days with CcAE at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day/mouse, in comparison with a group treated with 15 mg/kg/ day/mouse MTZ for the same period. The total phenolic components (TPC), the total flavonoid components (TFC), the 2,2,diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantitative and qualitative phenolic content were chemically estimated. After 24 and 48 h of in vitro incubation , the estimated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 500 and 400 μg/ml, respectively, and the concentrations that induced 50% growth inhibition (IC 50) were 93.8 and 60.4 μg/ml, respectively (P < 0.001). Mice given 500 mg/kg CcAE showed 100% stool clearance of G. lamblia stages, similar to MTZ-treated control group (P < 0.001). The TPC was 10.7 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g and the TFC was 23.9 ± 0.3 mg quercetin/g, and the estimated IC 50 for DPPH free radical scavenging was 16.4 ± 0.1 mg/ml. HPLC revealed the major phenolic components of CcAE to be carnosic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamiac acid, quercetin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid. In conclusion, CcAE is significantly effective against G. lamblia in vitro and in vivo, and has considerable phenolic and antioxidant properties.
Antidiarrhoeal Activity and Total Tannin Content of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Codiaeum variegatum
The present study was designed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity and determine the total tannin content of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Codiaeum variegatum (Family-Euphorbiaceae). The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice and the total tannin content was determined by using the Folin-Coicalteu phenol reagent. The ethanolic extract of leaves of C. variegatum showed a positive effect on castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. In the antidiarrhoeal assay the extract inhibited the mean number of defecation by 40.81% and 59.18% (p<0.01 & p<0.001) at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The latent period for the extract treated group was (p<0.01 & p<0.001) increased as compared to control group. The total tannin content was quite significant and high in ethanolic extract (241.41 mg/g of tannic acid equivalent). Phytochemical screenings of the leaf extract indicated the presence of carbohydrate (reducing sugars), gums, steroids, alkaloids and tannins. Therefore, the results of the present study provide the scientific basis for the traditional uses of this plant as remedy for diarrhea.
In-vitro evaluation of anti-trichomonal activities of Eugenia uniflora leaf
African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2011
Eugenia uniflora, used ethnomedically in some tropical countries as an anti-infective, has shown anti-malarial and anti-trypanocidal activities. Therefore using bioactivity guided fractionation, anti-trichomonal activity of E. uniflora leaf was investigated. Anti-trichomonal activities of leaf methanol extract and its fractions against Trichomonas gallinae as well as their cytotoxicities using an in vitro haemaglutination assay were determined. Anti-trichomonacidal activities of the extract improved on purification up to a stage. Subfractions E(2-5) had LC(50) and LC(90) values of 4.77 - 5.28, 18.49 - 25.00 and 4.53 - 5.18, 18.32 - 19.07 µg/ml at 24 and 48 hrs, respectively that were better than those of metronidazole. Further purification of E(2-5) led to loss of activity suggesting that the active components were probably working synergistically and additively. Demonstration of low haemaglutination titre values of 0.00 - 5.33 by methanolic extract and its partition fractions sugge...