Tissue Engineering: Step Ahead in Maxillofacial Reconstruction (original) (raw)
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Tissue engineering in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction
The artificial generation of tissues, organs, or even more complex living organisms was throughout the history of mankind a matter of myth and dream. During the last decades this vision became feasible and has been recently introduced in clinical medicine. The interest and attention that this rapidly developing area has received are based on the vision that the growing understanding of tissue healing and the achievements of biotechnology will be of profound therapeutic relevance. Clinically, reconstructive surgery has arrived at a standard of care that allows for repair and restoration of the vast majority of tissues/organs with established techniques. The real challenge of tissue engineering in clinical treatment is the reduction of surgical morbidity by the application of biological signals or bio-artificial components cultivated from the patient's own cells, that can replace the lost body part or accomplish its repair without the need for autogenous tissue transfer. Initially, activities in this area were mainly focused on cell-based approaches aiming at the generation of tissue-like constructs by combining ex vivo expanded cell populations with various types of scaffolds. Today, the field of tissue engineering has expanded tremendously, in that not only cells and scaffolds but also growth factors, controlled release carriers, engineering of biomaterials and many other areas of basic and applied research are considered to be part of the field of tissue engineering.
Role of tissue engineering in oral & maxillofacial surgery – a review
International Journal of Medical Research and Review, 2019
Tissue engineering can be defined as the "reconstitution of tissue and organs, in vitro for use as model systems in basic and applied research, or for use as grafts to replace damaged or diseased body parts or body functions". Biomaterials have been used as replacement tissues and grafts have been used to reconstruct defects in craniofacial region till Uristmade the first attempt of producing exogenous bone with the help of bone morphogenetic proteins. The success of tissue engineering over the field of all transplantation is that conceptually a three-dimensional functional tissue is designed. This field has become a boon to the Cranio Maxillofacial surgeons and has provided them with a supplement to existing treatment for reconstruction of Oral & Craniofacial region. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the various uses of tissue engineering in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Tissue Engineering Applications in Maxillofacial Surgery
Stem Cells in Clinical Practice and Tissue Engineering, 2018
Nowadays, oral and maxillofacial surgeons face serious difficulties in reconstruction of large defects caused by trauma, cancer, or congenital deformities. Considering each part of oral and maxillofacial region consisting of several tissues, it is necessary to reconstruct these architectures layer by layer. Through years surgeons use different forms of grafts to reconstruct these defects. As these grafts and techniques are well described and used routinely, it should have been noticed that they are not without complications. This is where idea behind tissue engineering steps in. "Tissue engineering" due to its multi-aspect properties can be defined as application of methods and science of engineering toward the understanding of structure-function relationships of mammalian tissues in both normal and pathological forms to improve and develop biologic substitutes to reach the main goal of restoring, maintaining, and stabilization of tissue function. From standpoint of surgery, tissue engineering is not considered as a potential step anymore, but as an available approach to reach the ultimate goal of reconstruction procedures. The aim of this chapter is to defne concepts and advances in tissue engineering (TE). Also, review TE applications in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery with bolding its clinical applications and complications based on novel and high-quality published researches.
2019
Recent advancements in tissue engineering have created many promising innovative possibilities for oral and maxillofacial soft tissue reconstruction. Developments in tissue and organ 3D printing reconstruction technology have been made possible through the use of scaffolds that are highly specific and closely related to affected oral and maxillofacial areas. These developments have allowed for a significant evolution in tissue engineering. The most important characteristics of this method are the avoidance of secondary surgeries post-graft preparation, unrestricted amount of tissue augmentation, and the utilization of precisely designed scaffolds that mimic the damaged tissue. Said engineered structures are composed of either natural or synthetic materials, which can be combined with the recipient’s stem cells. Although many in vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted on the mechanisms and results of this method, which proves its efficiency, further studies are required to inve...
Human Tissue Regeneration in Maxillo-Facial Area: from Stem Cells to Micrografts
Current Tissue Engineering, 2015
Human tissue regeneration, especially the bone, today is one of the most important challenges for medicine and the need for this is particularly evident in the maxillo-facial area where it can be estimated that 1,500,000 patients in Europe undergo craniofacial reconstruction each year. Autologous bone is considered as the gold standard of bone graft materials, however, this approach is very limited. Recent research of non-embryonic stem cells provides new possibilities for no invasively obtaining new autologous bone from stem cells provided by various tissues from the same patient. Furthermore, in the literature, there are limited long-term data available mainly on the safe and efficacy of the prolonged use of stem cells. In this review, we will summarize the studies conducted on the regeneration, repair and rebuilding of craniofacial tissues using stem cells both in the presence or the absence of implantable biocompatible materials and the use of new micro-graft technologies, obtained through the Rigeneracons® medical device.
Tissue engineering: From research to dental clinics
Dental Materials, 2012
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 8 ( 2 0 1 2 ) 341-348 Scaffolds Molecular biology Restorative dentistry a b s t r a c t Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of engineering, material and biological sciences toward the development of therapeutic strategies and biological substitutes that restore, maintain, replace or improve biological functions. The association of biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors has yielded the development of new treatment opportunities in most of the biomedical areas, including
2003
B one regeneration in the cranio-maxillofacial skeleton has undergone many advances over a short period of time. There is much activity in this area, where autogenous bone grafting still plays a significant role in clinical practice. Cranio-maxillofacial osseous reconstruction represents a very large potential market effecting many surgical specialties including, oral maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, general surgery and head and neck oncology. The area is also of vital interest to most specialties of dentistry including periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and even general dental practice. Indeed these combined specialties form the market basis for the development of many commercial products. Some have proven to be useful, others have been most disappointing. The future of tissue engineering in this particular anatomic area is not only bright, it is necessary. This chapter reviews the historical aspects of osseous reconstruction in this regio...
Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, 2021
Oral and maxillofacial (OMF) defects caused by congenital conditions and various injuries such as trauma, warfare, ablative surgery for benign and malignant head & neck tumor can often lead to OMF deformities and malfunctions in speech, mastication/chewing, and swallowing as well as deleterious psychological effects and socioeconomic burdens to patients. Due to the unique complex 3D geometry and complicated causes, reconstruction and rehabilitation of OMF defects remain a major challenge for OMF surgeons. Currently, microsurgical free tissue transfer remains the mainstay of care in the reconstruction of OMF defects due to their abundant blood supply and flexibility for transplantation. However, there exists several major challenges, such as the limited availability, the requirement of a secondary surgery and donor site morbidity, and the multifactorial failure of free flap transplantation. Due to the advancement in stem cell biology, biomaterial science, and tissue engineering (TE) technology, stem cell-based regenerative therapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for a variety of diseases, including regenerative reconstruction and rehabilitation of OMF defects. In this narrative review, we update the information on the characteristics and biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells derived from various dental tissues (dental-MSCs) and their released cell-free products, extracellular vesicles (EVs). We then highlight their potential application in TE and regenerative reconstruction of OMF defects in animal models and clinical studies and the potential challenges in this field.
International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2015
Regenerative medicine is an emerging field of biotechnology that combines various aspects of medicine, cell and molecular biology, materials science and bioengineering in order to regenerate, repair or replace tissues. The oral surgery and maxillofacial surgery have a role in the treatment of traumatic or degenerative diseases that lead to a tissue loss: frequently, to rehabilitate these minuses, you should use techniques that have been improved over time. Since 1990, we started with the use of growth factors and platelet concentrates in oral and maxillofacial surgery; in the following period we start to use biomaterials, as well as several type of scaffolds and autologous tissues. The frontier of regenerative medicine nowadays is represented by the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): overcoming the ethical problems thanks to the use of mesenchymal stem cells from adult patient, and with the increasingly sophisticated technology to support their manipulation, MSCs are undoubtedly the future of medicine regenerative and they are showing perspectives unimaginable just a few years ago. Most recent studies are aimed to tissues regeneration using MSCs taken from sites that are even more accessible and rich in stem cells: the oral cavity turned out to be an important source of MSCs with the advantage to be easily accessible to the surgeon, thus avoiding to increase the morbidity of the patient. The future is the regeneration of whole organs or biological systems consisting of many different tissues, starting from an initial stem cell line, perhaps using innovative scaffolds together with the nano-engineering of biological tissues.