Experimental Study on Treatment of Produced Water (original) (raw)
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Analytical treatment of oil field–produced water: a case study from Upper Assam Basin (India)
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
Large amount of water were produced during production of crude oil which contains contaminants in the form of both organics mainly hydrocarbons and inorganics. The produced water sample was diluted and analysed numerically which showed the presence of oil and grease, total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, turbidity and salinity, along with different ions such as fluorine, sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, magnesium and heavy metals but the presence of nickel, molybdenum, copper and chromium has not been observed in the samples. These samples were further treated in the hollow fibre membrane set up by microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes respectively. After treatment in nanofiltration membranes, it was observed that there was a drastic change in turbidity, total suspended solid and oil and grease and all the parameters were found to be within range according to the central pollution control board of India. Later, the parameters were evaluated with ryznar stability index for aggressiveness of water, Langelier saturation index for scale and corrosion potential, ionic strength for concentration of dissolved chemical constituents and absorbance for the presence of pollutants. The trend of absorbance shows the decrease of pollutants present in produced water which can now be disposed into the environment without affecting it. The present approach of treating the oil field-produced water is safe and very easy to operate and large quantities of produced water can be handled at various installations and also, it will reduce the contamination at the subsurface without affecting the flora and fauna. The present approach is free from various chemicals otherwise normally used while treating oil field-produced water and also, it requires less time for completion of the whole process. The only limitation of this process is that certain quantity of distilled water has to be added for the treatment process.
Produced water from oil - A review of the main treatment technologies
2018
With the increasing demand for oil and its derivatives, the increasing production of oily water and its treatment has been a challenge due to the complexity and amount of waste generated, because this undesirable effluent requires treatment before its final disposal in order to meet the legal requirements for disposal in the environment or technical requirements for injection into oil wells. Thus, research for the best technology or set of technologies for the treatment of oil produced water are highlighted with a view not only for more efficient removal and recovery of oils and other toxic agents, but also financial viability along these technologies. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to present some of the main technologies used for the treatment of produced water from oil.
Treatment of Wastewater Associated With Crude Oil in Reservoirs
مجلة البحوث و الدراسات النفطية, 2021
The produced water or wastewater resulting from the oil reservoirs in Basrah Petroleum Company / Zubair 1 Warehouse causes very high pollution in the land. The aim of this study is to find possible ways to treat such produced water and to remove turbidity through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and adsorption. Experimental tests of the properties for natural produced water such as turbidity, pH, TDS, TSS, and oil content found out that oil content = 137 mg/L and turbidity = 122 NTU. The produced water is treated with two types of coagulant poly aluminum chloride, alum and with two other types of adsorbent (Bentonite , Zeolite (Cation and Anion)). The coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation experiments are performed using a Jar-test device and adsorption experiments , and a magnetic stirrer device are used at different times, speeds, and concentrations. It is found through the practical results that the best dosages of (poly aluminum chloride and alum) are (3, 35, 6.75, and 30) mg/L to obtain R% (96.3, 93, 99, and 98.9), respectively. It is found from the experimental results of adsorption that the best results of weight adsorbent, stirrer time and stirrer speed to obtain maximum removal efficiency are (6 gram anion zeolite ,15 minute and 920 rpm) R% (98 , 97.8 and 99.2), respectively. It is found that the best results are poor at different parameters, except when it is used (2) gram of bentonite obtained R% of turbidity weight, stirrer time and stirrer speed by bentonite and zeolite (cation and anion) were (2 gram). Finally, it was found that removing the oil content by adsorption (97.8) is better than coagulation (96.3). And the results for removing turbidity by coagulation (99) is better than adsorption (97.4) .
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 2020
Using treated petroleum produced water (PPW) as injected water, for enhancing oil recovery, is important in petroleum industry. The process of water reuse is a cost-effective method. On the contrary, injection of inadequately treated water could induce scale formation. In the present study oil-free petroleum produced water (PPW) was treated to obtain water without scale tendency by using the water treatment sludge (WTS) produced from the Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTP). The WTS is usually accumulated in the DWTP as solid useless solid wastes. The characterization of the washed and dried WTS was investigated extensively by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDAX), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Surface area analyzer. It was found that the average particle size of WTS is 47.34 nm. The main constituents of the WTS are MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO, and Fe 2 O 3. This WTS was reused for the treatment of oil-free PPW, where the chemical and physical characteristics of PPW before and after treatment were determined. The present study showed that the optimum WTS dose was 3 g/l at which the salinity, alkalinity, TDS, conductivity, hardness, cations and anions of the PPW were significantly decreased. The overall results revealed that by decreasing the cations and anions of PPW, the later has no any tendency to form scale. Therefore, the treated PPW could be used again to enhance oil recovery without any concern of scale formation, water-saving, as well as protecting the environment from the discharge of such polluted water.
Treatment of oily water containing different salts using surfactants
Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies, 2016
The oil drilling operations large quantities of contaminted water known as "produced water" . The present study aims to treatment of produced water of the North Rumaila and Zubair oil fields,using stainless steel autoclave. A series of experiments were carried out at different conditions,temperature, pressure, acidity, revolution per minute (RPM) and salinity with and without flocculation.The result showed that 93% of oil was removed. An improvement was conducted when usingsurfactants.
Review of Technologies for Oil and Gas Produced Water Treatment
Journal of Hazardous …, 2009
Produced water is the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries. It is a mixture of different organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the increasing volume of waste all over the world in the current decade, the outcome and effect of discharging produced water on the environment has lately become a significant issue of environmental concern. Produced water is conventionally treated through different physical, chemical, and biological methods. In offshore platforms because of space constraints, compact physical and chemical systems are used. However, current technologies cannot remove small-suspended oil particles and dissolved elements. Besides, many chemical treatments, whose initial and/or running cost are high and produce hazardous sludge. In onshore facilities, biological pretreatment of oily wastewater can be a cost-effective and environmental friendly method. As high salt concentration and variations of influent characteristics have direct influence on the turbidity of the effluent, it is appropriate to incorporate a physical treatment, e.g., membrane to refine the final effluent. For these reasons, major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits. link: doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.044
Treating Kuwait's oilfield water via conventional methods and membrane technology
Desalination and Water Treatment, 2021
Kuwait is a desert country with scarce water resources and increasing population, which means that more water sources should be tapped, not only for irrigation but also to provide for the citizens of the country. Oilfield waters are produced at increasing levels in Kuwait, being a foremost oil producer in the gulf region. It contains lots of contaminants that, if left untreated, will pollute the surrounding areas when disposed of improperly. This paper examines the possibility of treating oilfield water to be used as an additional resource for irrigation and for improving its treatment prior to proper disposal. The water treatment concept being introduced was performed through several treatment stages including biological treatment combined with nitrification and denitrification (sedimentation), chemical treatment (flocculation and coagulation), reverse osmosis, and disinfection using ultraviolet process as the final treatment process. This was accomplished through the combination of conventional and membrane technology process. After the treatment, the water samples were tested and compared with the parameters set by the Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) for irrigation, as well as disposal. The results indicated that the treatment methods are efficient in treating oilfield water as the treated samples showed significant reduction in original concentration, such as to name a few, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, sulfide, turbidity, phosphate and biological oxygen demand with a reduction percentage of 94.23%, 95.86%, 76.47%, 80.39%, 94.59%, 98.0%, 54.54%, 80.19%, respectively. Grease, oil and chemical oxygen demand level can be lowered from the treated water by further treatment. Oilfield water can, therefore, be utilized for irrigation and eventual allowable discharge to sewage network conventional wastewater treatment methods combined with membrane technology.
Oilfield Produced Water Management: Treatment, Reuse and Disposal
Baghdad Science Journal, 2012
Produced water is accompanied with the production of oil and gas especially at the fields producing by water drive or water injection. The quantity of these waters is expected to be more complicated problem with an increasing in water cut which is expected to be 3-8 barrels water/produced barrel oil.Produced water may contain many constituents based on what is present in the subsurface at a particular location. Produced water contains dissolved solids and hydrocarbons (dissolved and suspended) and oxygen depletion. The most common dissolved solid is salt with concentrations range between a few parts per thousand to hundreds parts per thousand. In addition to salt, many produced waters also contain high levels of heavy metals like zinc, barium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium, vanadium and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM).This study will highlight the main aspects of the different international experiences with the produced water treatment for subsequent...
The Influence of Production Chemicals on the Quality of Oilfield Produced Water
Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems
The cost of treatment of produced water prior to disposal forms a significant percentage of the total economic impact of pollutants in crude oil production. The treatment of produced water involves the removal of toxic compounds contained in the fluid to a level where it is considered safe before the water can be disposed, discharged or reused in the environment. Production chemicals have been identified as one of the sources through which these toxic compounds enter the produced water and therefore the need to evaluate the influence of these chemicals at their various injection rates on the quality of the produced water from the production process. This research study is a part of an ongoing project on the application of environmental process engineering for pollutant reduction and energy savings in crude oil production. The study has found that the introduction of scale inhibitor, paraffin inhibitor, demulsifier, biocides and corrosion inhibitor at the rates of 10 ppm, 200 ppm, 15 ppm, 500 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively, yields a corresponding increase in the concentrations of ammonia, hydrocarbons, salinity, phosphates and nitrates in the produced water by 242%, 53%, 12.5%, 300% and −4.8%, respectively. The knowledge provided by this project will educate the oil and gas sector across the globe, aid engineers and operators understanding of produced water pollution mechanism during oil and gas production processes. The results of this research will also be useful in the design of crude oil production and produced water treatment processes in avoiding negative environmental impacts from the final effluent composition of produced water.
Oilfield Produced Water Treatment and Chemistry
Oilfield Produced Water Treatment and Chemistry, 2023
Produced water is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds and the largest volume of byproduct generated during oil and gas recovery operations. The potential of oilfield produced water to be a source of fresh water for water-stressed oil-producing countries and the increasing environmental concerns in addition to stringent legislations on produced water discharge into the environment have made produced water management a significant part of the oil and gas business. Produced water has a complex composition, but its constituents can be broadly classified into organic and inorganic compounds, including dissolved and dispersed oils, grease, heavy metals, radionuclides, treating chemicals, formation solids, salts, dissolved gases, scale products, waxes, microorganisms and