Physical activity decreases anxiety-related behavior in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Functional behavioral study on the crossroad of experimental exercise physiology and andrology (original) (raw)
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The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 2014
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021
Mechanisms of the brain-related comorbidities in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) are still largely unknown, although CP/CPPS is one of the major urological problems in middle-aged men, while these neuropsychological incapacities considerably diminish life quality. The objectives of this study were to assess behavioral patterns in rats with CP/CPPS and to determine whether these patterns depend on alterations in the brain oxidative stress, corticosterone, and hippocampal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons. Adult male Wistar albino rats from CP/CPPS (intraprostatic injection of 3% λ-carrageenan, day 0) and sham (0.9% NaCl) groups were subjected to pain and anxiety-like behavior tests (days 2, 3, and 7). Afterwards, rats were sacrificed and biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Scrotal allodynia and prostatitis were proven in CP/CPPS, but not in sham rats. Ethological tests (open field, elevated plus maze, and light/dark tests) rev...
Physiological Research, 2021
Exposure to chronic stress stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and then simultaneously inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis activity. The inhibition formed by the HPA axis is the main mechanism of action of stress on reproductive function. HPG axis activity is known to be changed by various factors, including exercise. Exercise has been found to have a number of positive effects on sexual behavior, reproductive hormones, and sperm parameters in studies with animal models for many years. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of chronic treadmill exercise on chronically stressed-male rats' sexual behavior, reproductive hormones, and sperm parameters. A total of 40 sexually adult male rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups as control, stress, exercise, and stress+exercise. Animals in the exercise group were subjected to the chronic treadmill exercise (moderate intensity) for 33 days with a periodic increase in speed and duration. Animals in the stress group were exposed to restraint stress for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h during the first, second and third 15 days respectively. Sexual behavior parameters, hormone measurements, and sperm parameters were evaluated. The main effects of chronic exercise on sexual behavior were centered on a significant increase in the ejaculation frequency (EF) in the stress+exercise group. Also, sperm concentration and motility in the stress group significantly decreased, and then sperm motility was improved by exercise in the stress+exercise group. In sum, our results show that chronic treadmill exercise may improve the adverse effects of chronic stress on sexual behavior and sperm parameters in male rats in terms of some parameters.
2020
Introduction: According to evidence, Early-Life Stress (ELS), mood disorders, and medical comorbidities, i.e. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), are correlated; however, the direct contribution of ELS to IBS manifestations is less understood. The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of voluntary exercise on the mitochondrial dysfunction of the bowel fibroblasts, following the confirmation of anxiety behavior. Methods: In this study, Postnatal Day (PND) rats underwent Maternal Separation (MS), as a valid animal model of the brain-gut axis dysfunction, in the days 2-14; three hours daily. On day 21, the study animals were divided into 4 groups, as follows: control, Running Wheel (RW) exercise, MS, and MS+RW groups. The study groups were housed in separate cages (4 rats per cage) until the onset of intervention. On day 60, the elevated plus-maze was used to assess anxiety-like behaviors; the level of oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Glutathione (GSH) , as well as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) was measured to determine the gut mitochondrial function. Results: Findings revealed that ELS affected the gut energy metabolism in the studied rats; the negative effects of MS on anxiety and the gut mitochondrial dysfunction decreased via RW exercise during adolescence. Conclusion: Overall, anxiety behaviors and ROS production, leading to increased GSH and ATP levels, improved after RW exercise; this significantly impacts the function of colon secretory mitochondria. According to the positive effects of RW exercise on mitochondrial dysfunction in an ELS animal model, a potential relationship was found between the brain and gut in the study rats.
Effects of Sex and Stress on Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain-Like Behavior in Rats
Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache
Aims: To investigate the effects and interactions of sex and stress (provoked by chronic restraint [RS]) on pain-like behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Methods: The effects of sex and RS (carried out for 14 days as a model for stress) on somatosensory measures (reaction to pinprick, von Frey threshold) in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain were examined. The study design was 2 × 4, with surgery (pain) and sham surgery (no pain) interacting with male restrained (RS) and unrestrained (nRS) rats and female RS and nRS rats. A total of 64 Sprague Dawley rats (32 males and 32 females) were used. Half of the animals in each sex group underwent RS, and the remaining half were left unstressed. Following the RS period, trigeminal neuropathic pain was induced by unilateral infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (IOCCI). Half of the animals in the RS group and half in the nRS group (both males and females) were exposed to IOCCI, and the remaining halves to sham surgery. Elevated plus maze (EPM) assessment and plasma interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels were used to measure the effects of RS. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the effects of stress, sex, and their interactions on plasma IFN-γ levels, changes in body weight, EPM parameters, tactile allodynia, and mechanohyperalgesia. Pairwise comparisons were performed by using Tukey post hoc test corrected for multiple comparisons. Results: Both male and female RS rats showed significantly altered exploratory behavior (as measured by EPM) and had significantly lower plasma IFN-γ levels than nRS rats. Rats exposed to RS gained weight significantly slower than the nRS rats, irrespective of sex. Following RS but before surgery, RS rats showed significant bilateral reductions in von Frey thresholds and significantly increased pinprick response difference scores compared to nRS rats, irrespective of sex. From 17 days postsurgery, RS-IOCCI rats showed significantly reduced von Frey thresholds and significantly increased pinprick response difference scores compared to nRS-IOCCI rats, and the von Frey thresholds were significantly lower in females than in males. RS-sham females-but not RS-sham males-developed persistently reduced thresholds and increased pinprick response difference scores. Conclusion: RS produced an increased bilateral sensitivity to stimuli applied to the vibrissal pad following infraorbital nerve injury, irrespective of sex. This observed sensitivity subsequently persisted in RS-sham female rats but not in RS-sham male rats. Stress induced a significant but moderate increase in pain-like behavior in female rats compared to male rats. RS had no significant sex effects on IFN-γ levels, EPM parameters, or body weight gain. This suggests that stress may have a selective effect on pain-like behavior in both sexes, but the possible mechanisms are unclear.
Effect of Exercises on Central and Endocrine System for Pain Modulation in Primary Dysmenorrhea
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 2022
Dysmenorrhea is the term for describing complex menstrual flow and painful spasmodic cramps during menstruation, and pain without any pathology is considered Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD). It is the most frequent ailment among women of all ages and races. The pain is dull and throbbing in character and occurs in the lower back and abdomen. Symptoms commonly appear 6 to 12 months after menarche, with the most significant incidence in the late teen and early twenties. Physical exercise is nearly a new non-medical intervention to relieve PD associated pain. Aerobics, stretching and Resistive exercises for 8-12 weeks, either supervised or unsupervised, relieves pain. Exercises are believed to cause hormonal changes in the uterine lining, which reduces PD symptoms. Researchers have presumed different pain-relieving methods, ranging from non-opioids to opioids to hormonal for variations in pain sensitivity. Exercise-induced analgesia provides the central pathway as the primary mechanism for pain reduction while, another way to reducing pain in PD may be a hormonal interaction. The hormonal changes causing exercise-induced pain modulation during the menstruation cycle is not clearly understood and the interaction and activation of all the central and endocrine components, which is a complex mechanism, is also not explained clearly. This study briefly reviews the physiological mechanism of Exercise-induced analgesia and its potent roles in controlling the pathogenesis of PD for pain relief.
Physiology & Behavior, 2014
Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like 2 behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic 3 stress disorder ☆ 4 Gaurav Q1 • Single-prolonged stress (SPS)-induced behavioral and cognitive impairments in rats 10 • Moderate treadmill exercise rescued SPS-induced behavioral and cognitive impairments in rats 11 12 1 3 a b s t r a c t 1 4 traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition which can develop from exposure to a severe traumatic 28 event such as those occurring during wars or natural disasters. Benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake 29 inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered the gold standard for PTSD treatment, but their side effects pose a serious prob-30 lem. While regular physical exercise is regarded as a mood elevator and known to enhance cognitive function, its 31 direct role in rescuing core symptoms of PTSD including anxiety and depression-like behaviors and cognitive im-32 pairment is unclear. In the present study using the single-prolonged stress (SPS) rat model of PTSD (2 h restrain, 33 20 min forced swimming, 15 min rest, and 1-2 min diethyl ether exposure), we examined the beneficial effect of 34 moderate treadmill exercise on SPS-induced behavioral deficits including anxiety and depression-like behaviors 35 and memory impairment. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control (sedentary), 36 exercised, SPS (no exercise), or SPS-exercised. Rats were exercised on a rodent treadmill for 14 consecutive 37 days. Rats in all groups were tested for anxiety-like behaviors using open field (OF), light-dark and elevated-38 plus maze tests. All rats were tested for short-term and long-term memory in the radial arm water maze test. 39 Rats were then sacrificed, blood was collected (for corticosterone levels), and individual organs (spleen, adrenals, 40 and thymus) harvested. Results suggest that moderate physical exercise ameliorates SPS-induced behavioral def-41 icits in rats. 42 Please cite this article as: Patki G, et al, Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder, Physiol Behav (2014), http://dx.(psychological), 20 min forced swim (physical) and ether anesthesia 77 (endocrinological), respectively. Application of these stresses increases 78 serum corticosterone levels, and by combining three different kinds of 79 stresses, the SPS model could accomplish severity of symptoms analo-80 gous to that of PTSD [10,11]. Studies have shown that rats that undergo 81 the SPS procedure suffer from increased anxiety and impairment of 82 social and object recognition memory [12] and present with changes 83 in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors involved in the 84 HPA system [13,14]. Extensive evidence shows that regular exercise 85 is beneficial in ameliorating memory impairment, enhancing cogni-86 tive function and preventing memory decline [15,16]. Therefore, 87 exercise may be beneficial in reversing PTSD-induced symptoms in-88 cluding anxiety and depressive behaviors and learning and memory 89 function impairment [17]. Statistics show that individuals who suffer 90 from PTSD tend, on an average, to exercise less (including activities 91 such as shopping, walking, and sports) compared to before the onset 92 of the disorder [18,19]. Patients also reported poor compliance to 93 medication [19]. 94 In the present study we used the SPS rat model of PTSD to study the 95 effect of regular exercise as a potential non-pharmacological therapeu-96 tic approach for attenuating SPS-induced deficits including anxiety-97 like (anxiety), depression-like (depression) behaviors, and learning 98 and memory function impairment. 99 2. Materials and methods 100 2.1. Animals 101 Male Wistar rats (175-200 g; Charles River, Wilmington, MA) were 102 housed with a 12-h light, 12-h dark cycle (lights on at 0600 h) in a 103 climate-controlled room with ad libitum food and water. After arrival 104 at the research facility, all rats were allowed 1 week to acclimate before 105 manipulations began (Scheme 1). All experiments were conducted in 106 accordance with the NIH guidelines using approved protocols from 107 the University of Houston Animal Care Committee. 108 2.2. Single-prolonged stress model 109 Male Wistar rats were assigned into 4 groups; group 1: control, 110 group 2: SPS, group 3: exercised, group 4: SPS-exercised. 111 Single prolonged stress (SPS): The two SPS groups: SPS and exercise 112 SPS rats (10 rats/group) were subjected to a one time combined stress 113 paradigm applied consecutively in a day [9,20]: immobilization 114 (compression with double layered plastic Ziploc bag with edges cov-115 ered in duct tape to prevent the rats from escaping and also an open-116 ing for the rat nose was provided in the Ziploc bag) for 2 h followed 117 immediately by 20 min of forced swimming (in a tall cylindrical tank 118
The effect of opiodergic system and testosterone on anxiety behavior in gonadectomized rats
Behavioural Brain Research, 2014
h i g h l i g h t s • Gonadectomy decreased %OAT and %OAE. • I.p. injection of testosterone and morphine in GDX male rats increased %OAT and %OAE. • I.p. injection of naloxone in GDX male rats decreased %OAT and %OAE. • I.p. injection of testosterone 1 h before infusion of morphine in GDX male rats did not significantly alter %OAT and %OAE. • I.p. injection of testosterone 1 h before administration of naloxone in GDX male rats decreased %OAT and %OAE.
Magdy Shabana, 2020
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a collection of symptoms that many women experience during the one to two weeks before a menstrual period. These symptoms may be physical, psychological and emotional. The fluctuating endogenous hormones estrogen and progesterone are known to possibly affect cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. Exercise can be effective on individuals' pain reduction and improving and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness. Purpose: to investigate the effect of aquatic exercises and relaxation training on VO2 max and pain tolerance in premenstrual syndrome. Methods: A sample of 50 nonathletic girls diagnosed as premenstrual syndrome was selected from the Outpatient Clinic, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Deraya University. Their age was ranged between 18 to 25 years; their BMI was less than 30 kg/m 2. They were allocated randomly to two groups of equal numbers of participants (A and B). The participants in group (A) received aquatic exercises in addition to relaxation exercises three sessions a week for 8 weeks. Group (B) received relaxation exercises three sessions a week for 8 weeks. Assessment of all subjects in both groups was carried out before and after the treatment program through maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS), visual analogue scale and blood cortisol level. Results: Both groups (A and B) showed a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and significant reduction in their premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS), visual analogue scale (VAS) and blood cortisol level after the end of the 8 weeks of the training program. The mean values of VO2max after treatment were (36.73 ± 3.43, 32.04 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) in both groups A and B, respectively. The mean values of PMSS after treatment were (59.32± 13.48, 99.2 ± 12.96) in both groups A and B, respectively. The mean values of blood cortisol level were (7.50 ± 2.06 mg/dl,11.50 ± 2.20 mg/dl) in both groups A and B, respectively. The mean values of VAS were (2 ± 0.763, 5.04 ± 0.789) in both groups A and B, respectively. However, the participants who received aquatic exercises plus relaxation training (group A), showed a more significant increase in VO2 max and more reduction in the PMSS, VAS and blood cortisol value (P<0.001) after the training program. Conclusion: 8-weeks regular aquatic exercises in addition to relaxation training are effective in improving VO2 max and decreasing severity of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
Treinamento com natação sobre a avaliação funcional da nocicepção ciática em ratos
Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, 2011
Introduction: The protective effect of exercise on individuals with peripheral neuropathy is controversial. Objective: To assess the infl uence of physical training of moderate and progressive intensity on nociception of rats in an experimental sciatica model. Materials and Methods: The study assessed 18 rats divided into the following three groups: control group (CG); low-intensity swimming group (LISG); progressive-time swimming group (PTSG). To meet the physical training protocol, the animals were placed in a water tank for six weeks, three alternate days per week. In LISG group, the animals swam ten minutes per session, and, in PTSG group, the animals began swimming for ten minutes, and had a ten-minute increase per week. In CG group, the animals swam less than one minute per day, only to get used to the water environment. After fi nishing the swimming training, the experimental sciatica model protocol was started with constrictive ligature of the sciatic nerve with chromic catgut. Nociception was assessed using the functional disability test, which measures, in a one-minute interval, the time during which the animal holds its hind paw (THHP) in a guarded position. Assessments were performed preoperatively, and on the third, sixth, and tenth post-operative (PO) days. Results: All groups showed a signifi cant increase in THHP on third, sixth, and tenth PO days, as compared to preoperative values. In CG, no signifi cant change was observed in PO assessments, unlike what happened in LISG and PTSG groups. Conclusion: Exercise produced greater hyperalgesia.