Tropical peatlands: carbon stores, carbon gas Emissions and contribution to climate change Processes (original) (raw)

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Abstract

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Tropical peatlands are critical ecosystems that significantly contribute to global carbon storage and emissions. They operate under unique high precipitation-high temperature conditions, serving vital ecological functions such as water regulation and biodiversity preservation. However, these peatlands face threats from climate change and human activities, prompting a need for effective management and conservation strategies to mitigate carbon gas emissions and enhance their resilience.

Peatlands Are More Beneficial if Conserved and Restored than Drained for Monoculture Crops

Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2021

Peatlands are especially important but fragile tropical landscapes. The importance of peatlands is owing to their ability to 1) sequester a considerable amount of terrestrial carbon, 2) store freshwater, and 3) regulate floods during the rainy season. Nowadays, extensive peatland degradation occurs because of peatland utilization for agriculture purposes, causing severe environmental consequences such as carbon emission, loss of biodiversity, risk of flooding, and peat fire. Meanwhile, local planners and decision makers tend to overlook the long-term strategic function of peatlands for carbon storage and hydrological regulation, preferring peatland utilization for short-term economic benefits. The objective of our study is to quantify the total ecosystem services (except biodiversity) of a tropical peatland landscape in various peat-utilization scenarios to help build awareness among local planners and decision makers on the strategic tradeoff between peatland utilization and restor...

TROPICAL PEATLANDS: DISTRIBUTION, EXTENT AND CARBON STORAGE - UNCERTAINTIES AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS

Although tropical peatlands are said to be globally significant carbon sinks that store large amounts of carbon, the data on which this information is based are subject to uncertainty and error. It is estimated that over half of the tropical peatland area is located in Southeast Asia, but there are no up-to-date and accurate measures of the precise location and extent of this resource, especially because of rapid land-use change developments in recent years. When areal extent and thickness data are combined to derive estimates of carbon content and compute the magnitude of tropical peatland carbon pools, uncertainties are compounded. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and degree of uncertainty on the extent of tropical peatlands globally and their carbon stocks. Recent interest in the carbon storage potential of tropical peatlands, the magnitude of emissions from them and their importance in climate change processes should lead to more detailed field and remote sensing surveys and accurate data inventories in order to improve the state of knowledge.

Peatlands and the carbon cycle: From local processes to global implications

Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2007

Peatlands cover only 3% of the Earth's land surface but boreal and subarctic peatlands store about 15-30% of the world's soil carbon (C) as peat. Despite their potential for large positive feedbacks to the climate system through sequestration and emission of greenhouse gases, peatlands are not explicitly included in global climate models and therefore in predictions of future climate change. In April 2007 a symposium was held in Wageningen, the Netherlands, to advance our understanding of peatland C cycling. This paper synthesizes the main findings of the symposium, focusing on (i) small-scale processes, (ii) C fluxes at the landscape scale, and (iii) peatlands in the context of climate change. The main drivers controlling C fluxes are largely scale dependent and most are related to some aspects of hydrology. Despite high spatial and annual variability in Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), the differences in cumulative annual NEE are more a function of broad scale geographic location and physical setting than internal factors, suggesting the existence of strong feedbacks. In contrast, trace gas emissions seem mainly controlled by local factors. Key uncertainties remain concerning the existence of perturbation thresholds, the relative strengths of the CO 2 and CH 4 feedback, the links among peatland surface climate, hydrology, ecosystem structure and function, and trace gas biogeochemistry as well as the similarity of process rates across peatland types and climatic zones. Progress on these research areas can only be realized by stronger cooperation between disciplines that address different spatial and temporal scales.

Terrestrial and Aquatic Carbon Dynamics in Tropical Peatlands under Different Land Use Types: A Systematic Review Protocol

Forests, 2021

Peatlands are both responding to and influencing climate change. While numerous studies on peatland carbon dynamics have been published in boreal and temperate regions for decades, a much smaller yet growing body of scientific articles related to tropical peatlands has recently been published, including from previously overlooked regions such as the Amazonian and Congo basins. The recent recognition of tropical peatlands as valuable ecosystems because of the organic carbon they accumulate in their water-saturated soils has occurred after most of them have been drained and degraded in Southeast Asia. Under disturbed conditions, their natural carbon storage function is shifted to an additional carbon source to the atmosphere. Understanding the effect of land-use change and management practices on peatlands can shed light on the driving variables that influence carbon emissions and can model the magnitude of emissions in future degraded peatlands. This is of primary importance as other...

Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global implications – a synthesis

Biogeosciences, 2008

Although peatlands cover only 3% of the Earth's land surface, boreal and subarctic peatlands store about 15-30% of the world's soil carbon as peat. Despite their potential for large positive feedbacks to the climate system through sequestration and emission of greenhouse gases, peatlands are not explicitly included in global climate models 5 and therefore in predictions of future climate change. In April 2007 a symposium was held in Wageningen, the Netherlands, to advance our understanding of peatland C cycling through integration across disciplines and research approaches and to develop a more synthetic picture of the present and future role of peatlands in the global C cycle and their interactions with the climate system. This paper aims to synthesize 10 the main findings of the symposium, focusing on (i) small-scale processes, (ii) C fluxes at the landscape scale, and (iii) peatlands and climate. The paper concludes with a summary of the main drivers of the C balance of peatlands, and proposes directions for new research to reduce key uncertainties in our knowledge of C cycling in peatlands in order to facilitate the explicit inclusion of these ecosystems in a new generation of 15 earth system models.

Estimating of Carbon Storage of Peatlands and Main Hazards Related to the Utilization and Management of Peatlands in Lower U Minh National Park, Ca Mau Province, and Vietnam

-Along with storing large quantities of carbon, peatlands also play an important role in the retention, purification and release of water and in the mitigation of droughts and floods. In Lower U Minh melaleuca forest, in the past peatlands have been decreasing very quicklydue to the burning forest and the agriculture activities. So, peatlands have become net sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Changes peatlands may cause changes in net carbon storage. Currently, there is minimal carbon data for this national park. Therefore, our objectives were to measure C stocks of peatlands for this ecosystem. Forty five plots were established at a size of 1,600m 2 (40mx40m) in the plantation Melaleuca forest and in the natural Melaleuca forest. In total, 225 peat samples were collected between 2015-2017. Three measurements were obtained to determine total soil organic carbon: organic soil depth; bulk density and % organic carbon. Results showed that the thickness of the peat was ranged from 0.1m to 1.3m; C% ranged from 49.18%-50.89%. Bulk densities with a mean of 0.226 g/cm 3. Total peat carbon content with a mean of 586MgC/ha. Average Peat reserves was 1,154.31 tons/ha. We found that the carbon content of peatland in Natural melaleuca forest was 2,65 timeshigher than the carbon of the peatlands in the plantation melaleuca forest. In summary, the two peatlands differed greatly in %carbon, bulk densities, peat thickness which could be caused by the burning forest, the variation in using soil and hydrology, or alternatively to plant intensive melaleuca. The paper showed that a canal system for fire control built in the peatland area has caused many problems for this ecosystem.

1 Capacity Building for Sustainable Management of Peatlands in the Humid Tropics: From Research to Application

2014

About one quarter of the world’s tropical peatlands (11 million hectares) occur in Borneo. These peatlands have global ecological significance, being some of the largest remaining areas of lowland rainforest in SE Asia that provide the habitat of many endangered species. In addition, they are large stores of carbon and water and have an important regional economic role, providing forest products and land for settlement and agricultural development. Owing to a lack of awareness and understanding about sustainable land management practices, however, many peatland development projects fail, resulting in serious environmental degradation and impoverishment of local communities. A number of Southeast Asian and European universities have established a multilateral collaborative research network to address the sustainable management of tropical peatlands through a number of research, education and advisory projects. The research projects aim to improve the understanding of the unique featu...

Anthropogenic impacts on lowland tropical peatland biogeochemistry

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

Peatlands hold the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon (C) in the biosphere, storing 600-650 gigatonnes (Gt) (refs 1-3 ). They also play a part in the cycling of nutrients and the delivery of other ecosystem services, including regulation of the water supply and biodiversity support. Most of the global peatland C stock is in the high northern latitudes (Table ) and is largely remote from human influence. However, approximately 16% of peatland C (around 105 Gt) 1,2 is held in C-dense tropical peatlands, some of which are close to large and growing human populations 4 . The utilization of peatlands for forestry, agriculture and other purposes has converted them from a long-term C sink into an intense source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing about 5% of global anthropogenic emissions 5 . Mid-latitude and tropical peatlands supply the majority of this total 6,7 and are increasingly acknowledged as critical in the global C cycle and in efforts to combat climate change . There is growing understanding and recognition of tropical peatland extent and the consequences of human and climate-driven disturbances, particularly in loss of stored C and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions 11 . Anthropogenic impacts on tropical peatlands span a gradient from minor vegetation modification through to vegetation removal, alteration of hydrology by drainage, and changes in peat physical and biogeochemical properties resulting from land-use conversion and fire. These alterations have been extensive in Southeast Asia, but peatlands in other tropical regions are increasingly exposed to human and climate impacts as a result of socio-economic development, warming temperatures and altered rainfall regimes . Avoiding tropical peatland deforestation, drainage, agricultural conversion and fire can halt the transfer of this large C pool to the atmosphere. Ongoing or re-established C sequestration through initiatives to protect and restore peatland ecosystem functions provides a potential low-cost pathway to climate mitigation. Intervention measures to protect intact tropical peatlands alongside rewetting and revegetation of drained peatlands could drive these ecosystems towards a pre-eminent role in natural climate solutions . In this Review, we discuss the contributions that tropical peatlands make to biogeochemical cycling and examine how land-use and fire-driven transformations alter biogeochemical processes. Lowland systems are the focus, because they occupy large areas, but we acknowledge the existence of smaller, tropical montane

Peatlands and climate change in Southeast Asia

Apfp-SEAPeat, 2013

Peatlands in Southeast Asia play a globally significant role in carbon storage and climate regulation. In the past 30 years, peatland drainage and fires have turned peatlands in the region from a net sink of carbon to a net source. Based on the current trends, peatlands in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia, will continue to be under great pressure from the expansion of industrial plantations and other development. However, governments in the region, through development of national policies and adoption of the Asean Peatland Management Strategy (2006-2020), have shown their concern about the need for enhanced sustainability of peatland management in the future.

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Tropical Peatland - the Amazing Dual Ecosystem: Co Existence and Mutual Benefit

SUMMARY The visual uniformity of tropical peat swamp forest masks the considerable variation in forest structure and ecological functions that this ecosystem has evolved in response to differences of and changes in environmental and substrate characteristics over many millennia. This is a 'dual' ecosystem in which rain forest trees are the principal contributors to the peat that underlies them, while the characteristics of the peat that is formed determine the ecological, hydrological and nutrient conditions that influence growth of the trees and structure of the forest. Rain forest and tropical peatland have derived mutual benefit throughout their joint existence, resulting in one of the most complex and diverse ecosystems on this planet that is also one of the largest, but most vulnerable carbon stores. The future of this ecosystem will be assessed from information available on climate change and human impact.

Peatlands and greenhouse gases 7-1 Chapter 7 : Peatlands and greenhouse gases

2007

1. By affecting atmospheric burdens of CO2, CH4 and N2O in different ways natural peatlands play a complex role with respect to climate. 2. Since the last ice age peatlands have played an important role in global GHG balances. By storing enormous amount of atmospheric CO2 they have had an increasing cooling effect, in the same way as in former geological eras, when they formed coal, lignite and other fossil fuels. 3. GHG fluxes in peatlands have a spatial (zonal, ecosystem, site and intersite) and temporal (interannual, seasonal, diurnal) variability which needs to be considered in assessment and management. 4. Small changes in ecohydrology can lead to big changes in GHG emissions through influence on peatland biogeochemistry. 5. In assessing the role of peatlands in global warming the different time frame and radiative forcing of continuos and simultaneous CH4 emission and CO2 sequestration should be carefully evaluated to avoid not fully applicable global warming potentials. 6. An...

A Brief Review in Effect Factors on Peatland Ecosystem

Open Access Library Journal, 2020

Peatland ecosystem plays an important role in the global climate change because they act as a pool or sink of the gasses. There are several factors which influence the environmental consequences of peatland especially in relation to climate change. The main influences are: 1) carbon dioxide, 2) methane flux, 3) nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and 4) others environmental factors. These atmospheric gases concentrates constitute roughly 73 percent of the overall positive energy flux variation. Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas considered most consequential in Anthropocene climate change. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 34 times greater than carbon dioxide in natural wetlands and the majority of these emissions are from peatlands. Nitrous oxide is one of the main pollutants in the ecosystem of peatlands and can cause eutrophication. This paper is a brief review on environmental factors influences to climate change in peatland ecosystems. It highlights the need for minimizing the negative effects of climate change on wetland ecosystem through proper management of peatlands.

Conservation slows down emission increase from a tropical peatland in Indonesia

Nature Geoscience

ropical peatlands have been one of the most important global sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) over millennia and have accumulated at least 75 Gt of carbon under anoxic waterlogged conditions 1-6. However, they are vulnerable to climate change 7-9 , especially responses to the hydrologic cycle 10-13. Thus, the variability and change in rainfall regime are important factors determining the accumulation and loss of peat carbon 11-13. Most tropical peatlands have formed since the Last Glacial Maximum 14-16. In Southeast Asia, which holds one of the world's largest tropical peatland areas 5 , the coastal peatlands were initiated following a sea-level highstand, coupled with ample year-round rainfall and a low intensity and frequency of droughts 11,14-16. In recent times, more frequent and severe El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 17 events and the linked positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) 18 may have changed the local hydrology in this region 19,20. Increasing rainfall seasonality lowers the dry-season groundwater level (GWL) and permits oxidation of previously stored carbon 10-13. However, almost no high-quality contemporary CO 2 flux measurements exist for the remaining intact tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia. Previous research in Borneo 21,22 reported flux measurements from peatlands disturbed by historical forest-cover loss due to selective logging, and these data do not necessarily represent an intact reference. Given the role of intact tropical peatlands in long-term climate mitigation through carbon sequestration, an improved understanding of their fate under the current and future climate is a prerequisite for assessing the importance of peatland conservation as a climate-mitigation strategy 23,24. Tropical peatlands are among the world's most threatened ecosystems due to land-cover changes driven by transmigration, population growth and ongoing economic development 25,26. Large-scale

Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool

Global Change Biology, 2011

Accurate inventory of tropical peatland is important in order to (a) determine the magnitude of the carbon pool; (b) estimate the scale of transfers of peat-derived greenhouse gases to the atmosphere resulting from land use change; and (c) support carbon emissions reduction policies. We review available information on tropical peatland area and peat thickness and calculate peat volume and carbon content in order to determine their best estimates and ranges of variation globally, regionally and nationally. Our best estimate of tropical peatland area is 439,238 km2 (~11% of global peatland area) of which 247,778 km2 (57%) is in Southeast Asia. We estimate the volume of tropical peat to be 1,756 Gm3 (~22-33% of global peat volume) with the highest share in Southeast Asia (77%). This new assessment reveals a larger tropical peatland carbon pool than previous estimates, with a best estimate of 88.5 Gt (range 81.5-91.8 Gt) equal to 17-19% of the global peat carbon pool. Of this, 68.5 Gt (77%) is in Southeast Asia. A single country, Indonesia, holds the largest share (57.4 Gt, 65%), followed by Malaysia (9.1 Gt, 10%). These data are used to provide revised estimates for Indonesian and Malaysian forest soil carbon pools of 77 Gt and 15 Gt, respectively, and total forest carbon pools (biomass plus soil) of 97 Gt and 19 Gt. Peat carbon comprises 60% of the total soil carbon pool in Malaysia and 74% in Indonesia. These results emphasise the prominent global and regional role played by the Southeast Asian peat carbon pool and the importance of including peat carbon in national and regional assessments of terrestrial carbon stocks. This information is essential given current interest in greenhouse gas emissions from Global Change Biology peer-