Room-Temperature Cubic Perovskite Thin Films by Three-Step All-Vapor Conversion from PbSe to MAPbI3 (original) (raw)
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Exploring Solar Cells Based on Lead- and Iodide-Deficient Halide Perovskite (d-HP) Thin Films
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Perovskite solar cells have become more and more attractive and competitive. However, their toxicity induced by the presence of lead and their rather low stability hinders their potential and future commercialization. Reducing lead content while improving stability then appears as a major axis of development. In the last years, we have reported a new family of perovskite presenting PbI+ unit vacancies inside the lattice caused by the insertion of big organic cations that do not respect the Goldschmidt tolerance factor: hydroxyethylammonium HO-(CH2)2-NH3+ (HEA+) and thioethylammonium HS-(CH2)2-NH3+ (TEA+). These perovskites, named d-HPs for lead and halide-deficient perovskites, present a 3D perovskite corner-shared Pb1−xI3−x network that can be assimilated to a lead-iodide-deficient MAPbI3 or FAPbI3 network. Here, we propose the chemical engineering of both systems for solar cell optimization. For d-MAPbI3-HEA, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 11.47% while displaying en...
Lead‐Less Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Solar RRL, 2021
The rise and commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is hindered by the toxicity of lead present in the perovskites employed as the solar light absorber. To counter this problem, Pb can be fully (lead-free) or partially (lead-less) replaced by diverse elements. The former compounds suffer from poor efficiency and poor stability while the later appear more promising. This review offers a survey of the methods reported in the literature to reduce Pb content in PSCs to fabricate "lead-less" (also called "lead-deficient") PSCs. We develop, first, the comparison of Sn and Pb elements and the partial replacement of Pb by Sn. Then, its substitution by either Ge, Sr or other alkaline-earth-metals, transition metals and elements from columns 12, 13 and 15 of the periodic table are detailed. The new families of perovskites based on the insertion of organic cations to replace lead and halogen units, namely the "lead-deficient" and "hollow" halide perovskites are then presented and discussed. Finally, atypical ways to reduce the toxicity of PSCs are presented: perovskite layer thickness reduction via optimization of photon collection, integration of photonic structures and employment of recycled lead. The present achievements and the outlook of those strategies are presented and discussed.
Advancement on Lead-Free Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review
Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018
Remarkable attention has been committed to the recently discovered cost effective and solution processable lead-free organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Recent studies have reported that, within five years, the reported efficiency has reached 9.0%, which makes them an extremely promising and fast developing candidate to compete with conventional lead-based perovskite solar cells. The major challenge associated with the conventional perovskite solar cells is the toxic nature of lead (Pb) used in the active layer of perovskite material. If lead continues to be used in fabricating solar cells, negative health impacts will result in the environment due to the toxicity of lead. Alternatively, lead free perovskite solar cells could give a safe way by substituting low-cost, abundant and non toxic material. This review focuses on formability of lead-free organic-inorganic halide perovskite, alternative metal cations candidates to replace lead (Pb), and possible substitutions of...
Perovskite Solar Cells: Potentials, Challenges, and Opportunities
International Journal of Photoenergy, 2015
Heralded as a major scientific breakthrough of 2013, organic/inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells have ushered in a new era of renewed efforts at increasing the efficiency and lowering the cost of solar energy. As a potential game changer in the mix of technologies for alternate energy, it has emerged from a modest beginning in 2012 to efficiencies being claimed at 20.1% in a span of just two years. This remarkable progress, encouraging at one end, also points to the possibility that the potential may still be far from being fully realized. With greater insight into the photophysics involved and optimization of materials and methods, this technology stands to match or even exceed the efficiencies for single crystal silicon solar cells. With thin film solution processability, applicability to flexible substrates, and being free of liquid electrolyte, this technology combines the benefits of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs), and thin film solar ...
Research progress on organic–inorganic halide perovskite materials and solar cells
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2018
Owing to the intensive research efforts across the world since 2009, perovskite solar cell power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are now comparable or even better than several other photovoltaic (PV) technologies. In this topical review article, we review recent progress in the field of organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials and solar cells. We associate these achievements with the fundamental knowledge gained in the perovskite research. The major recent advances in the fundamental perovskite material and solar cell research are highlighted, including the current efforts in visualizing the dynamical processes (in operando) taking place within a perovskite solar cell under operating conditions. We also discuss the existing technological challenges. Based on a survey of recently published works, we point out that to move the perovskite PV technology forward towards the next step of commercialization, what perovskite PV technology need the most in the coming next few years is not only further PCE enhancements, but also up-scaling, stability, and lead-toxicity.
Review on Recent Progress of All‐Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites and Solar Cells
Advanced Materials, 2019
perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) have reached a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.2% in 2019, [19] which is comparable with that of copper indiumgallium diselenide (CIGS) [20] and siliconbased solar cells. The general chemical formula of a perovskite compound can be described as ABX 3 , where A is a monovalent cation (methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 + (MA +)), formamidinium (CH(NH 2) 2 + (FA +)), cesium, etc.), B is a divalent metal cation (Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , etc.), and X is occupied by a halide counterion (Cl − , Br − , and I −). It is possible to form mixed compounds with respect to each site. The commercialization of hybrid perovskites requires materials that are thermodynamically stable and can withstand various thermal stressing tests, including natural daynight cycling and exposure to full sunlight. The organic parts in perovskites (such as MA + or FA +) cannot endure high temperature and thus presents a longterm stability issue for devices under operation. Among the various degradation and decomposition pathways of hybrid perovskite, which depend on environmental factors such as humidity and illumination, a common theme is the low thermal stability of these perovskites, even in inert atmosphere. [21-23] For example, release of CH 3 NH 2 has been reported in MA-based perovskite films at temperatures of 80 °C, indicating decomposition of MA. [24] However, standard operational conditions for photovoltaics require materials and devices to be stable at this temperature. Therefore, the replacement of the organic parts by inorganic components (Cs +) is expected to dramatically increase the long-term stability. [23,25,26] It has been widely reported that even a small amount of cesium can greatly enhance the thermal stability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. [27,28] For example, FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4) 3 demonstrates both thermal and moisture stability, and stability to operation in the presence of oxygen. [29] An early report by Hodes [30] shows that thin films of the inorganic perovskite CsPbBr 3 can be prepared with a two-step method. The solar cells employing these layers yield an impressive high open circuit voltage (V oc) of 1.32 V. These results, as the authors emphasize, indicate that the organic moiety is not an essential component in constructing high-performance perovskite materials and devices. Since then, with numerous publications each year, the inorganic PSCs research community is keeping highly active, including novel deposition methods All-inorganic perovskites are considered to be one of the most appealing research hotspots in the field of perovskite photovoltaics in the past 3 years due to their superior thermal stability compared to their organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts. The power-conversion efficiency has reached 17.06% and the number of important publications is ever increasing. Here, the progress of inorganic perovskites is systematically highlighted, covering materials design, preparation of high-quality perovskite films, and avoidance of phase instabilities. Inorganic perovskites, nanocrystals, quantum dots, and lead-free compounds are discussed and the corresponding device performances are reviewed, which have been realized on both rigid and flexible substrates. Methods for stabilization of the cubic phase of low-bandgap inorganic perovskites are emphasized, which is a prerequisite for highly efficient and stable solar cells. In addition, energy loss mechanisms both in the bulk of the perovskite and at the interfaces of perovskite and charge selective layers are unraveled. Reported approaches to reduce these charge-carrier recombination losses are summarized and complemented by methods proposed from our side. Finally, the potential of inorganic perovskites as stable absorbers is assessed, which opens up new perspectives toward the commercialization of inorganic perovskite solar cells.
Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Challenges
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2019
Single and mixed-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a lot of research attention in recent years due to their solution process-ability, lightweight and excellent photoelectric conversion which are the necessary conditions for low-cost thin-film solar cell technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solid-state PSCs has risen quickly to a certified value as high as 22%. There is still tremendous potential for the realization of highly efficient solution processable perovskite-based solar cell. The perovskite produced by way of mixing halogen elements, such as CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Br x , offered several benefits such as enhanced device stability, improved carrier transport and reduced carrier recombination. Single crystal perovskite film containing organic and inorganic cation reported to have broad optical absorption which covers significant part of the solar spectrum. It also exhibited good thermal stability compared to single halide such as CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3. The device configuration of PSCs and the choice of suitable hole/electron transport materials played a significant role in the device performances. This review article reports on the recent advances of solution processed PSC with emphasis on the role played by mixed halide elements on the performance of devices.
Thermal annealing and precursor composition play critical roles in crystallinity control and morphology formation of perovskite thin films for achieving higher photovoltaic performance. In this study we have systematically studied the role of annealing temperature on the crystallinity of perovskite (CHNH3PbI3) thin films casted from single (without PbCl2) and mixed (with PbCl2) halide precursors. Higher annealing temperature leads to agglomeration of perovskite crystals. This explains that the effects of annealing temperature on the performance of perovskite solar cells are different in single and mixed halide processed films. It is observed that the perovskite crystallinity and film formation can be altered with the addition of lead chloride in the precursor solution. We report that single halide perovskite solar cells show no change in morphology and crystal size with increase in annealing temperature which was confirmed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) solar cells show significant change in crystal formation in the active layer when increasing annealing temperature. In addition, heating perovskite precursor solutions at 150 oC can lead to enhancement in solar cell efficiency for both single and mixed halide. Perovskite solar cells fabricated using heated precursor solutions forms dense film morphology, thus significantly improved fill factor up to 80% with power conversion efficiency exceeding 13% under AM 1.5 condition.
Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: Challenges, Open Questions, and Opportunities
APL Materials, 2020
In recent years, lead-free metal-halide perovskite photovoltaics has attracted ever-growing attention, in view of its potential to replicate the outstanding properties of lead-halide perovskite photovoltaics, but without the toxicity burden of the latter. In spite of a research effort much smaller in scale than that pursued with lead-based perovskites, considerable progress has been achieved in lead-free perovskite photovoltaics, with the highest power conversion efficiencies now being in the region of 13%. In this Perspective, we firstly discuss the state of the art of lead-free perovskite photovoltaics and additionally highlight promising directions and strategies that could lead to further progress in material exploration and understanding as well as in photovoltaic efficiency. Furthermore, we point out the widespread lack of experimental data on the fundamental optoelectronic properties of lead-free halide perovskite absorbers (e.g., charge carrier mobility, defect parameters, Urbach energy, the impact of dimensionality). All of this currently hampers a rational approach to further improving their performance and points to the need for a concerted effort that could bridge this knowledge gap. Additionally, this Perspective brings to the fore the manifold photovoltaic opportunities—thus far largely unexplored with lead-free perovskite absorbers—beyond single-junction outdoor photovoltaics, which may potentially enable the realization of their full potential. The exploration of these opportunities (tandem photovoltaics, indoor photovoltaics, and building-integrated and transparent photovoltaics) could energize the investigation of existing and new classes of lead-free perovskite absorbers beyond current paradigms and toward high photovoltaic performance.
Challenges and Potential of Perovskite Solar Cells
Journal of Ravishankar University (Part-B: Science), 2023
A solar cell is a device that converts sunlight into electricity. There are different types of solar cells but in this literature mainly focuses on a type of new dominant solar cell material that has the name organo-metal halide perovskite, namely known as perovskite solar cells, in shortly PSCs. In this respect, the efficiency of power conversion is taken into account to replace the dominancy of traditional and second generation solar cell fields by perovskite solar cells. Perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell including a perovskite structure, usually a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material. In this review, a comprehensive study of the perspective challenges and their potential has been highlighted for their future application. There are rigorous research efforts in aspects of device engineering, including physical and chemical passivation, and the use of a wide variety of organic and inorganic additives to develop the advanced PSCs.