The activities of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine in the Ottoman Empire during the first world war (original) (raw)

The Western Ukrainian Association of the League of Nations: the Ideological Platform, Activity at the Congresses of the League of Nations Union of Associations (1922 - 1924)

Skhid, 2019

The geopolitical changes in the international relations after the First World War, the new trends in European foreign policy, the increasing interest to the Ukrainian issue were the main reasons which intensified an interest of Ukrainian community to the issues of international policy. Founded in 1922 the Western Ukrainian Association of the League of Nations (WUALN) endeavored to facilitate the solution of the Ukrainian issue in the format of the LNUA, manifesting the idea of Ukrainian statehood renewal. Three periods can be defined in the association's activity: the first includes the period from January-June 1922; it is the time of organization's foundation and its entrance to the League of Nations Union of Associations (LNUA); the second (the main) period from the 8 th of June 1922 to the 23 rd of June 1923; it is the time of a full membership the WUALN in the Union; the third period from the 23 rd of June to the 1 st of July 1924 connected with the suspension of the WUALN's membership in the LNUA and the association's struggle for the rights' renewal in the organization.

Ukrainian Nationalists and the Jews during the Holocaust in the Eyes of Anticommunist, Soviet, German, Jewish, Polish, and Ukrainian Historians: Transnational History and National Interpretations, MORESHET • VOL. 19 • 2022

MORESHET , 2022

Eastern Galicia and Volhynia were inhabited by Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews, for centuries. Although Ukrainians made up the majority of the population in these two regions, they were less present in cities such as Lviv than in villages and small towns. Before World War II, Jews in both regions accounted for about 10 percent of all inhabitants, Poles about 25 percent in eastern Galicia and 15 percent in Volhynia, and Ukrainians 60 percent in eastern Galicia and 70 percent in Volhynia. 2 As a result of the first and second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772 and 1793, eastern Galicia was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire and Volhynia into the Russian Empire which held also south, central and eastern Ukrainian territories and regarded them as parts of Russia. This geopolitical order changed only after World War I. In November 1917, Ukrainians proclaimed a state in Kiev and in November 1918 in Lviv, but they did not succeed in keeping either of them. In 1921 eastern Galicia and Volhynia were officially incorporated into the Second Polish Republic and almost all other Ukrainian territories constituted the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. 3 During the interwar period, about 20 percent of all Ukrainians lived in the Second Polish Republic and 80 percent in the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. Poland was a multiethnic state which discriminated against Ukrainians and other minorities and treated them as second-class citizens. 4 In order to prolong the fight for a Ukrainian state, Ukrainian veterans of the First World War founded the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO, Ukraїns'ka Viis'kova Orhanizatsiia) in Prague in 1920, and in 1929 the OUN in Vienna. The latter particularly attracted many young Ukrainians in Poland. The OUN ideology combined radical nationalism with racism, antisemitism, fascism, cult of war and violence, antidemocracy, and anti-communism. It collaborated with the Germans and other fascist movements such as the Ustaša and the Italian Fascists, and attempted both to establish a Ukrainian state and to turn it into a fascist dictatorship. 5 In September 1939, eastern Galicia and Volhynia were incorporated into Soviet Ukraine. At that time several hundred OUN members left Ukraine and remained in the General Government, where they were trained by the Nazis and prepared a plan to establish a Ukrainian state after the German attack on the Soviet Union. In 1940 the OUN split into the OUN-B (leader Stepan Bandera)

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and European Fascism During World War II

Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 2020

This foreword is our third JSPPS preface on "Issues in the History and Memory of the OUN," and provides an extensive bibliographical update. It does not repeat what was already outlined in the introductions to the previous installments, both freely available in full online.

The Ukrainian Radical National Movement in InterWar Poland the Case of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)

The Ukrainian national movement was born from the defeat of the Ukrainian revolution in 1917–1921 and the national-liberation fight following World War I. This movement was born out of the pursuit for new political activity among younger generations The OUN was founded in Vienna, but the organization was really formed in Czechoslovakia among Ukrainian (military student) émigrés. This organization could be rooted and develop wherever Ukrainian indigenous (Romania, Czechoslovakia) lived, or among emigrated populations (USA, Canada, South-America, Germany, France, etc,). It is worth underlining that OUN, in the territory of the Soviet Union did not take shape, due to the totalitarian and repression character of the Soviet state. It is difficult even to estimate the OUN’s number in Poland during the interwar period.

The anti-fascist oppositions to the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Anti-Fascism and Ethnic Minorities, 2023

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which was established by the OUN in 1942, experienced political, military, and ideological opposition from various states, political groups, and ethnic communities including the Jews, Poles, Ukrainians, and the Soviet Union. Because the OUN conceptualized in the 1920s and 1930s as a Ukrainian form of fascism and intended to become a part of Hitler’s and Mussolini’s fascist ‘New Europe’, fighting against the OUN and UPA can be considered to be anti-fascist activity. However, not all the forces that fought against the OUN were democratic. They opposed the OUN for many different reasons, including nationalism, geopolitics, and a wish to save their own lives. At some points of time, they formed alliances against the Ukrainian fascists, but at others they viewed each other as enemies.