The effect of natural modifiers for starch hydrophobization on performance of composite based on ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology ISSN: 2313-3759 Vol. 2 No. 9; September 2015, 2015
The current research is focused on preparing biodegradable composites of polystyrene using locally available starch derivatives. A series of polymer composites of polystyrene and manioc (Cassava) starch with varying amounts of starch were thus prepared. Structure determinations were done using FTIR. The effects of starch on mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties and biodegradability of composites were investigated. Tensile tests showed that the tensile modulus was decreased with increase in the amount of starch in the composite. However, the tensile strength and the elongation at break were increased with the amount of starch. The results from TGA and DTA showed improved thermal stability of PS/starch composites compared to that of pure PS. Water absorption was increased with increasing amounts of starch due to hydrophilic nature of starch incorporated and the biodegradability of polymer/starch composites evaluated by measuring absorbance of sugars released in the biodegradation process, was increased with increasing amounts of starch in the composites.
Synthesis of Water Hyacinth/Cassava Starch Composite as An Environmentally Friendly Plastic Solution
Ekuilibrium, 2023
Conventional plastics made from petroleum polymers were the largest contributor to solid waste on earth. Environmentally friendly bioplastic fabricated by compositing starch and natural fibers were proposed to be a solution to this problem. The purpose of this research was to synthesize bioplastic from water hyacinth fiber composite with cassava starch and test its mechanical properties. Bioplastic fabrication was using melt intercalation method using water hyacinth fibers (WHF) with and without alkali treatment mixed with cassava starch (CS) and glycerol as plasticizer. The resulting bioplastic were characterized with FT-IR and tested for mechanical properties. The mechanical test results showed that water hyacinth fiber alkaline treated/cassava starch (WHF-AT/CS) bioplastic has tensile strength, % elongation, and water absorption values of 1.226 MPa, 3.33%, and 10.26%, respectively. While the bioplastic water hyacinth fiber untreated/cassava starch (WHF-UT/CS) has a tensile strength test value, % elongation, and water absorption of 0.306 MPa, 1.67%, and 11.39, respectively. Therefore it can be said that WHF-AT/CS bioplastic has better mechanical properties when compared to WHF-UT/CS bioplastic 1. INTRODUCTION Today it is undeniable that in our daily lives we are not far from using conventional petroleum-based plastics as food and non-food packaging. Behind the economical price, light weight, and easy to find, there is a serious threat to the ecosystem and the environment. The consumptive lifestyle of today's society has resulted in the accumulation of waste generated, especially conventional plastic waste. Its nature, which is difficult to be degraded by microorganisms, makes conventional plastic the largest contributor to solid waste [1]-[3]. Based on the United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) report, Indonesia is ranked second in terms of plastic waste mismanagement, with 88% of plastic waste ending up in the waters [4]. Various efforts have been made to overcome the problems caused by conventional plastics, one of which is bioplastic. Bioplastic is a type of plastic made from natural materials that can be decomposed by microorganisms and does not leave toxins so that it is considered more friendly to the environment [1]. Several studies have been conducted to produce starch-based bioplastic [5]-[7]. Indonesia has great potential to use starch as a raw material for making bioplastic. This is because there are various starch-producing plants, such as cassava, corn, potatoes, sago, and yams. However, starch-based bioplastic have several disadvantages, including low mechanical properties and lack of water resistance. Therefore, it needs to be fabricated into a composite by adding fillers. The addition of fillers is intended to produce high mechanical properties, such as tensile-strength, elongation, elasticity, and resistance to water and heat [8]. Filler in the manufacture of bioplastic composites can be inorganic or organic materials. One of the fillers made from organic materials is natural fiber. Natural fibers can be obtained from plant parts, namely bark/stem, leaves, fruit, grass/vine, and wood [9], [10]. Natural fibers generally contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, as well as other accompanying impurities. Cellulose is the main component that gives strength to the fiber [11], [12]. The presence of impurities such as lignin, hemicellulose, oil, and waxy substances affects the interfacial interaction between natural fibers and starch. This hinders the adhesion force between hydroxyl groups of cellulose and hydroxyl groups of starch. Thus, it is necessary to treat natural fibers that will be composited with starch, one of which is alkaline treatment [13], [14]. A number of researchers have reported success in compositing starch with cellulose. Yang et al. [15] have fabricated bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose with cassava starch and have a tensile-strength
Developing Biodegradable Plastics from starch
The diversity and ubiquity of plastic products substantially testify to the versatility of the special class of engineering materials known as polymers. However, the non-biodegradability of these petrochemical-based materials has been a source of environmental concerns and hence, the driving force in the search for 'green' alternatives for which starch remains the frontliner. Starch is a natural biopolymer consisting predominantly of two polymer types of glucose namely amylose and amylopectin. The advantages of starch for plastic production include its renewability, good oxygen barrier in the dry state, abundance, low cost and biodegradability. The longstanding quest of developing starch-based biodegradable plastics has witnessed the use of different starches in many forms such as native granular starch, modified starch, plasticized starch and in blends with many synthetic polymers, both biodegradable and non-biodegradable, for the purpose of achieving cost effectiveness and biodegradation respectively. In this regard, starch has been used as fillers in starch-filled polymer blends, thermoplastic starch (TPS) (produced from the combination of starch, plasticizer and thermomechanical energy), in the production of foamed starch and biodegradable synthetic polymer like polylactic acid (PLA) with varying results. However, most starch-based composites exhibit poor material properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, stiffness and elongation at break, and also poor moisture stability. This therefore warranted scientific inquiries towards improving the properties of these promising starch-based biocomposites through starch modification, use of compatibilizers and reinforcements (both organic and inorganic), processing conditions, all in the hope of realizing renewable biodegradable substitutes for the conventional plastics.
Journal of Materials Science, 2014
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix was reinforced with various kenaf bast cellulose nanofiber loadings (0-10 wt%). Thin films were prepared by casting and evaporating the mixture of aqueous suspension of nanofibers (NFs), starch, and glycerol which underwent gelatinization process at the same time. Moreover, raw fibers (RFs) reinforced TPS films were prepared with the same contents and conditions. The effects of filler type and loading on different characteristics of prepared materials were studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and moisture absorption analysis. Obtained results showed a homogeneous dispersion of NFs within the TPS matrix and strong association between the filler and matrix. Moreover, addition of nanoreinforcements decreased the moisture sensitivity of the TPS film significantly. About 20 % decrease in moisture content at equilibrium was observed with addition of 10 wt% NFs while this value was only 5.7 % for the respective RFs reinforced film.
Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science, 2016
The effect of the addition of hydrolyzed thermoplastic maize starch on the physico mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-based composites was studied. Acid-hydrolyzed native starch was thermoplasticized using 15 and 30% glycerol in weight relative to starch, after which the LDPE/thermoplastic starch (TPS) composites were prepared at TPS concentrations of 10, 25, and 50%. According to the results of Raman spectroscopy, the appearance of a new band at 756 cm-1 was observed, and it was attributed to the hydrolysis process and associated with the CC -O vibrational modes of the glycosidic bond. The addition of both native and polyethylene hydrolyzed TPS reduced the Young's modulus of the composites; but the reduction was greater for those containing native starch. Both the maximum stress and deformation decreased to a greater degree for the composites with hydrolyzed TPS. The composites containing TPS prepared with 15% glycerol exhibited a higher Young's modulus compared to those with LDPE, although they exhibited fragile behavior. The degree of matrix crystallinity increased with the addition of TPS and showed the largest increase when TPS 50% hydrolyzed by weight was added, showing an increase of 35%. It was observed that the size of the TPS particles, both native and hydrolyzed, increased in size as the concentration of TPS in the matrix increased. The size of the hydrolyzed TPS particles was greater than that of the native TPS particles, and in the case the of the hydrolyzed TPS particles, some exhibited an ellipsoidal and/or fibrillar morphology.
Characteristics of bio-plastic composites from the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan
The production of bio-plastics from modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan had been widely and dependently developed but still demonstrated characteristics that do not meet international quality standards. Therefore the key question for further exploration was to improve the protocol so as to develop a composite bio-plastic using the aforementioned materials. This study aimed to determine the ratio of modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan and the concentration of acetic acid solution required to produce bio-plastic composites with the best characteristics. This study followed a Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors. Factor I was the ratio of the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan, and consisted of 5 levels namely 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0: 100. The factor II was the concentration of acetic acid which consisted of 5 levels, viz., 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %. Each treatment combination was grouped into 4 blocks based on the processing time of making bio-plastic composites, resulting in an altogether 100 experimental units. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple comparison tests. The results showed that the ratio of the modified cassava starch and konjac glucomannan, the concentration of acetic acid and its interaction had a very significant effect on the tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, swelling and the degradation time of bio-plastic composites. The ratio of the modified cassava starch:konjac glucomannan :: 75:25 with supplemented with 1 % acetic acid produced the best bio-plastic composites with the desired characteristics viz., tensile strength of 1997.40 MPa, elongation at break of 8.90 %, Young's modulus of 22442.70 MPa, swelling of 10.40 % and the degradation time of 6.33 days. The surface profile of bio-plastic composites in longitudinal appearance displayed presence of regular waveforms along with air cavities or regular pores. Bio-plastic composite profile in transverse appearance revealed arrangement of fibers in the form of regular nets and smooth cross links. These bio-plastic composites contained-OH,-CH,-CC ,-C=C,-NH and-C=O functional groups.
Starch - Stärke, 2011
The feasibility and industrial potential of using bio-flours from tropical crop residues, in particular starch containing bio-flours, for the manufacture of bio-composites was investigated. Polypropylene (PP) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were compounded with bio-flours from pineapple skin (P) and from non-destarched (CS) and destarched (C) cassava root by twin-screw extrusion. In CS composites, two levels of starch granules melting were achieved by adjusting the extrusion temperature, enabling control of morphological and mechanical properties. The use of bio-flours reduced tensile strength by 26-48% and impact strength by 14-40% when the proportion of bio-flour was increased to 40% w/w, while flexural strength initially increased upon addition of bio-flours, before decreasing at higher loads. The use of compatibilizers, in particular maleic anhydridepolypropylene (MAPP) in PP composites with 30% bio-flour resulted in tensile strength similar to non-compatibilized composites with 10% bio-flour (34-35 MPa). MAPP also increased flexural strength to higher levels than pure PP, resulting in a stronger, but less flexible material.
Frontiers in sustainable food systems, 2022
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of polycaprolactone (PCL) and anhydride maleic acid (AMA) to produce a biothermoplastic composite (BtC) of modified cassava starch-glucomannan-polyvinyl alcohol (MSGPvA) that meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and International Bioplastic Standards such as ISO 527/1B, PCL from the UK, and ASTM 5336 for PLA plastic from Japan. This study measured the tensile strength ratio and Young's modulus of MSGPvA BtC compared to commercial biothermoplastic (CBt), elongation at break, swelling, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and biodegradation time. In addition, the surface profile, functional group, crystallinity, and thermal stability were also observed, which were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. MSGPvA BtC with 20% PCL and 3.5% AMA was able to increase and improve tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, swelling, WVTR, and degradation time. MSGPvA BtC with 5% PCL and 0.5% AMA has a transverse surface profile that shows the presence of clear and wavy fibers and an elongated surface profile with indistinct waves, containing the OH functional group at wavenumbers 2,962.66 and 3,448.72 cm −1 and C=O at a wavenumber of 1,735.93 cm −1 , and has a low crystallinity degree but relatively high thermal stability. All MSGPvA BtC characteristics with 5% PCL and 0.5% AMA have met the SNI and International Bioplastic Standards (ISO 527/1B, PCL from England, ASTM 5336 for PLA plastic from Japan), except for swelling characteristics. Thus, MSGPvA BtC with 5% PCL and 0.5% AMA has the potential to be used as food packaging material.
2021
The excessive reliance on plastic materials made from fossil-fuel based and its ineffective waste management leads to environmental pollution due to their non-biodegradable nature. This study examined the production and testing of bio-composites from Gmelina Arborea wastes and thermoplastic starches as a polymer matrix. Particles of G. Arborea sawdust were obtained from a local sawmill while dry powdered corn starches were sourced from the chemicals market, Ojota, Lagos, Nigeria. Bio-composites were produced by mixing 40 g of corn starch, glycerol/sorbitol, and fractions of prepared G. Arborea (650µm particle sizes) fibre at 0 to 20% (wt/wt of fibre to polymer matrix) were added. The slurries were poured into a mould in accordance with ASTM D638 for tensile strength test samples. The results revealed that the thermoplastic starches, particle sizes, plasticizers, and wood fibre loading significantly affected the tensile strengths, tensile modulus, elongation at break of the bio-composites. Composites produced exhibited tensile strengths values range of 0.35 to 1.75 MPa, modulus of elasticity of 3.10 to 22 MPa, while there was a gradual reduction in elongation at break with a range of 127.4% to 111%. Sorbitol-corn starch generally recorded higher tensile properties of between 1.65 to 1.75 MPa tensile strength than those produced with glycerol plasticizer which ranged between 0.35 to 0.45 MPa as fibre loading increases. It is clear that sorbitol-plasticized bio-composite gives higher values in mechanical strengths when compared to that produced from glycerol.
Fabrication and characterization starch/chitosan reinforced polypropylene as biodegradable
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019
The production of bioplastic from starch/chitosan reinforced polypropylene with different ratio from 35/65, 50/50 and 65/35. In present study, bioplastic was investigated by using tensile strength test, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and respectively. XRD analysis shows that the sample have amorphous phase structure with the main broad peaks 18° to 30°. FT-IR used to investigate functional group and the result analysis show that the main bonding is of O-H hydrogen bonds (carboxylic acid), C-H alkanes, C=C alkenes and C-O alcohols. The tensile strength obtained for bioplastic were 68.41Mpa at ratio 65/35, respectively. These bio plastics have exhibited mechanical properties with high biodegradability that makes them a suitable alternative for the existing conventional plastics.