Fostering Innovation for Agriculture 4.0: A Comprehensive Plant Germplasm System (original) (raw)
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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2007
This chapter outlines the range of plant variety protection regimes that currently exist internationally, including the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The chapter commences with a history of intellectual property laws affecting plant breeding and the genetic modification of plants. It explores the trend toward the harmonization of international standards and concludes with an examination of the impact of these developments upon germplasm exchange, international agricultural research, and food security. HANDBOOK OF BEST PRACTICES | 01 Given the state of technology in 1883, the inclusion of these agricultural subjects within the Paris Convention was for the purpose of protecting trademarks and indications of source. The first inclusion of biological agri...
The hiplications of Biotechnology in Germplasm Conservation and Utilization
The current preferred method of germplasm preservation is seed storage at low temperature. However, for vegetatively propagated plants and plants producing recalcitrant seeds, longterm seed storage is inappropriateor impossible. A new method under consideration in biotechnology for germplasm banks is in tifro culture. About 350 species can be cultivated by it1 v i m culture. in the form of excised shoot-tips or meristems, adventitious budding from callus or cell-suspension culture and somatic embryogenesis from an original explant. It is possible to initiate cultures from immature anthers. ovules. protoplasts and inflorescences. Germplasm storage may be short term (with frequent periodical subcultures). medium term (with reduced growth taie) or long term in liquid nitrogen. I n vitro storage appears to be more suitable for species that produce recalcitrant seeds (Withers and Williams, 1982) and for vegetatively propagated plants. CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES Plants producing recalcitrant seeds Usually, seeds are used for storage. Seeds may be either orthodox or recalcitrant, according to their ability to tolerate desiccation. Most temperate species produce onhodox seeds. Recalcitrant seeds, which are produced by many perennial species, are unable to withstand desiccation and freezing (Roberts, 1973). and such seeds pose considerable problems with respect to long-term preservation (see Table o I b. K TO. M. foeas uocumiiiilií~ Vegetatively propagated plants Genetic erosion of many economically import&&o~opplants. including potato, cassava, yam and sweet potato, has been taking place in several ways: replacement of native cultivars by *c / " t 2x0 BldTECHNOLOGY IN GERMPLASM CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION
Plant biotechnology: experience and future prospects
Choice Reviews Online, 2015
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Industrial crops n products 2014
Synthetic seed technology offers a viable option for large scale multiplication and in vitro conservation of endangered and elite plant genotypes with economy of space, time, and operational cost. In the present study an efficient method for the preparation, short-term conservation, and plantlet regeneration from synthetic seeds of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, is described for the first time. Axillary buds/nodal segments excised from multiple shoot cultures were encapsulated in 4% (w/v) sodium alginate beads following complexation in 75 mM calcium chloride solution. The seeds were kept on moist filter paper in sealed petri plates and stored at 25 ± 3 • C temperature for 200 days. The seeds thus conserved recorded more than 85% germination and plantlet conversion frequency upon shifting onto a hormone-free Murashige and Skoog medium. The rooted plantlets recorded 85-90% establishment in soil and did not show any morphological variation when compared with mother plants. The genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants was further confirmed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis wherein 19 decamer primers produced a total of 60 distinct monomorphic bands. The HPLC analysis of leaf extracts of synthetic seed-derived plant progeny and the mother plant showed qualitative and quantitative uniformity in terms of four major bioactive centellosides namely, asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid. The leaf extracts of the regenerated plants depicted the same magnitude of wound healing activity in excision wound model of mice as that of the mother plant. The relevance of the developed synseed technology for short-term in vitro conservation, micro-cloning and exchange of selected germplasm of C. asiatica without affecting the chemical and biological activities is discussed.
Enhancement of the use and impact of germplasm in crop improvement
Plant Genetic Resources, 2014
Plant genetic resources are raw materials and their use in breeding is one of the most sustainable ways to conserve biodiversity. The ICRISAT has over 120,000 accessions of its five mandate crops and six small millets. The management and utilization of such large diversity are greatest challenges to germplasm curators and crop breeders. New sources of variations have been discovered using core and minicore collections developed at the ICRISAT. About 1.4 million seed samples have been distributed; some accessions with specific attributes have been requested more frequently. The advances in genomics have led researchers to dissect population structure and diversity and mine allelic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits. Genome-wide association mapping in sorghum has revealed significant marker–trait associations for many agronomically beneficial traits. Wild relatives harbour genes for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Resistance to pod borer in chickpea an...
Ornamental Germplasm: Potential New Resources for Floriculture Industry
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018
Conservation of ornamental crops is the foundation to protect the valuable native and wild relatives of ornamental germplasm to secure the future needs of researchers and breeders. This paper analyses the floriculture wealth of PGR and also their availability to breeders for the major ornamental crops germplasm available across globe. The available number of accessions held in the different genebanks located globally would help breeders for further introduction and utilization in ornamental crops varietal development programmes. The ornamental crops research was carried out by utilizing large diversity in germplasm available indigenously and imported through NBPGR. More than 1293 new accessions of diverse ornamental crops were acquired since last three decades (1982-2016). Majority of the accessions introduced were from USA (55%) followed by UK (9%), Slovenia (6%) and the Netherlands (5%). ICAR-NBPGR also registered 38 accessions of rose, gerbera, jasmine, anthuriums, carnations, china aster, gladiolus, orchids, chrysanthemums and crossandra. Search of new genetic sources from the already collected and conserved germplasm is greatly appreciated with reference to the utilization of germplasm in breeding programmes. The genotypes developed with significant promising traits from the valuable conserved germplasm play a major role in the varietal development. Native genetic resources provide less variability consequently introduction of genetic resources to diversify the yield, color and size of ornamental plants is a priority.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2004
A key controversy in negotiating the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the likely long-term effectiveness of the agreement, is the way in which the intellectual property provisions are interpreted and applied to the key genetic resources forming the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system of International Agricultural Research Centres' (IARC) collections. This paper reviews the intellectual property provisions in the treaty and examines the likely consequences from patenting under the Patents Act 1990 over materials derived from these collections. The consequence is argued to be significant and, over time, these practices are likely to deplete the usefulness of these collections and undermine the relevance of the treaty. The paper concludes that Australia's interests might best be served by arguing that access to these collections, and the other materials under the treaty, be subject to a non-exclusive, royalty free licence for any use of the derived materials to develop useful new plant varieties. A R 0 3 1 6 1 C . L a ws o n V i e w p o i n t