Fostering Innovation for Agriculture 4.0: A Comprehensive Plant Germplasm System (original) (raw)
2017
If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in terms of ten years, plant trees; in terms of 100 years, teach the people. environmental challenges as a result of pests and diseases. However, the development of new varieties should also better meet the needs of the processing industry and consumers. But these needs between stakeholders are often disconnected. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the seed industry, farmers and players in the food chain, by proposing a few examples of different species that may represent different business models. The first objective is therefore to compare the seed industry's investment in research and development (R&D) with the value and surface area of production. The second objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques and strategies available in the plant seed sector. The third aim is to understand how the food chain operates from seeds to consumers. The ultimate aim is to propose recommendations to all players in the agri-food chain. The structure of this chapter is as follows: after a brief introduction, section 3.2 looks at the future challenges facing agriculture; section 3.3 presents plant breeding and its technical limitations and possibilities; section 3.4 presents the analysis of megatrends, after providing the methodology for collecting data on the main crop species, their areas and production, the analysis of investment in seed R&D and the analysis of gaps/distances between R&D investment and production volumes and values. These trends form the basis for our recommendations. Finally, section 3.5 concludes the discussion and suggests avenues for future research.
Industrial crops n products 2014
Synthetic seed technology offers a viable option for large scale multiplication and in vitro conservation of endangered and elite plant genotypes with economy of space, time, and operational cost. In the present study an efficient method for the preparation, short-term conservation, and plantlet regeneration from synthetic seeds of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, is described for the first time. Axillary buds/nodal segments excised from multiple shoot cultures were encapsulated in 4% (w/v) sodium alginate beads following complexation in 75 mM calcium chloride solution. The seeds were kept on moist filter paper in sealed petri plates and stored at 25 ± 3 • C temperature for 200 days. The seeds thus conserved recorded more than 85% germination and plantlet conversion frequency upon shifting onto a hormone-free Murashige and Skoog medium. The rooted plantlets recorded 85-90% establishment in soil and did not show any morphological variation when compared with mother plants. The genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants was further confirmed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis wherein 19 decamer primers produced a total of 60 distinct monomorphic bands. The HPLC analysis of leaf extracts of synthetic seed-derived plant progeny and the mother plant showed qualitative and quantitative uniformity in terms of four major bioactive centellosides namely, asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid. The leaf extracts of the regenerated plants depicted the same magnitude of wound healing activity in excision wound model of mice as that of the mother plant. The relevance of the developed synseed technology for short-term in vitro conservation, micro-cloning and exchange of selected germplasm of C. asiatica without affecting the chemical and biological activities is discussed.
Biotechnology Reports, 2020
How should we regulate products of new breeding techniques? Opinion of surveyed experts in plant biotechnology Rim Lassoued (Conceptualization) (Methodology) (Formal analysis) (Writing -original draft), Diego Maximiliano Macall (Conceptualization) (Methodology) (Writing -original draft), Stuart J. Smyth (Conceptualization) (Methodology) (Writing -review and editing) (Supervision) (Funding acquisition), Peter W.B. Phillips (Conceptualization) (Methodology) (Writing -review and editing) (Funding acquisition), Hayley Hesseln (Conceptualization)ce:contributor-roleReview and editing)
Enhancement of the use and impact of germplasm in crop improvement
Plant Genetic Resources, 2014
Plant genetic resources are raw materials and their use in breeding is one of the most sustainable ways to conserve biodiversity. The ICRISAT has over 120,000 accessions of its five mandate crops and six small millets. The management and utilization of such large diversity are greatest challenges to germplasm curators and crop breeders. New sources of variations have been discovered using core and minicore collections developed at the ICRISAT. About 1.4 million seed samples have been distributed; some accessions with specific attributes have been requested more frequently. The advances in genomics have led researchers to dissect population structure and diversity and mine allelic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits. Genome-wide association mapping in sorghum has revealed significant marker–trait associations for many agronomically beneficial traits. Wild relatives harbour genes for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Resistance to pod borer in chickpea an...
Ornamental Germplasm: Potential New Resources for Floriculture Industry
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018
Conservation of ornamental crops is the foundation to protect the valuable native and wild relatives of ornamental germplasm to secure the future needs of researchers and breeders. This paper analyses the floriculture wealth of PGR and also their availability to breeders for the major ornamental crops germplasm available across globe. The available number of accessions held in the different genebanks located globally would help breeders for further introduction and utilization in ornamental crops varietal development programmes. The ornamental crops research was carried out by utilizing large diversity in germplasm available indigenously and imported through NBPGR. More than 1293 new accessions of diverse ornamental crops were acquired since last three decades (1982-2016). Majority of the accessions introduced were from USA (55%) followed by UK (9%), Slovenia (6%) and the Netherlands (5%). ICAR-NBPGR also registered 38 accessions of rose, gerbera, jasmine, anthuriums, carnations, china aster, gladiolus, orchids, chrysanthemums and crossandra. Search of new genetic sources from the already collected and conserved germplasm is greatly appreciated with reference to the utilization of germplasm in breeding programmes. The genotypes developed with significant promising traits from the valuable conserved germplasm play a major role in the varietal development. Native genetic resources provide less variability consequently introduction of genetic resources to diversify the yield, color and size of ornamental plants is a priority.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2004
A key controversy in negotiating the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the likely long-term effectiveness of the agreement, is the way in which the intellectual property provisions are interpreted and applied to the key genetic resources forming the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system of International Agricultural Research Centres' (IARC) collections. This paper reviews the intellectual property provisions in the treaty and examines the likely consequences from patenting under the Patents Act 1990 over materials derived from these collections. The consequence is argued to be significant and, over time, these practices are likely to deplete the usefulness of these collections and undermine the relevance of the treaty. The paper concludes that Australia's interests might best be served by arguing that access to these collections, and the other materials under the treaty, be subject to a non-exclusive, royalty free licence for any use of the derived materials to develop useful new plant varieties. A R 0 3 1 6 1 C . L a ws o n V i e w p o i n t
Archives of agriculture and environmental science, 2024
Plant genetic resources are critical for maintaining global biodiversity and ensuring food security. However, these resources face threats from factors such as habitat loss and climate change, with approximately 22% of plant species estimated to be at risk of extinction. To address this issue, both natural and biotechnological methods are being developed to preserve plant genetic resources, with germplasm being a key component. Germplasm contains the complete genetic information of a plant and can be stored for extended periods and replicated as required. The objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of preserving germplasm of endangered or near-extinct plant species through in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves conserving species in their natural environment, while ex situ conservation includes using gene-seed banks and tissue culture to store genetic resources. These methods are crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and preventing the loss of valuable plant resources. The study highlights the various ex situ conservation methods, including cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, farmer's fields, botanic gardens, genetic reserves, and slow-growing cultures, which are essential for preserving germplasm. Gene banks worldwide currently hold over 7.4 million accessions of crop genetic resources, demonstrating the value of germplasm conservation efforts. Additionally, understanding the phenotypic and genetic characterization of related species is crucial for identifying endangered or vulnerable species that can diversify into new varieties or subspecies. In conclusion, prioritizing germplasm conservation efforts is crucial for meeting future demands while preserving endangered or vulnerable species. This will ensure that plant genetic resources remain available for future generations and that agricultural innovation can effectively address global food security challenges.