Quarks Electrons and the Atomic Nucleus. (original) (raw)
Related papers
ATOMIC NUCLEI AND QUARKS UNVEIL THEIR SECRETS
ATOMIC NUCLEI AND QUARKS UNVEIL THEIR SECRETS
Because logic excludes that protons and neutrons have an outer layer to hold quarks together, there must by definition be a structural relationship between the quarks themselves to avoid jeopardizing the stability of the nucleus. To substantiate this, it is necessary to move away from the beaten track in an
Eprint Arxiv Physics 0303019, 2003
It is generally believed that quarks being confined inside nucleons should make their presence felt explictly in nuclei only at higher energies. However it is shown here that the hole in the centre of 3 H, 3 He and 4 He, the neutron halos in nuclei, the α− and other clustering effects in nuclei and the nuclear molecules all basically arise due to the same underlying quark effects. Also the role of triton clustering in very neutron rich nuclei is emphasized. These require the concept of hidden colour states which arise from the confinement ideas of QCD for the multi-quark systems.
The mechanistic quark-gluon model of the Standard Model, in which gluon 'springs' join and couple to billiard ball like quarks has been untenable in unification physics for decades, but this has not been 'shared' with the populus of the scientific aware readership, such as the science programs on mainstream television. The proton is a wave-particular dyad aka a wavicle, which is consciousness coupled to its environment via its internal Coulombic charge distribution of the mesonic Inner Ring of negative -1 electrocharge and its kernelled core of +2 positive electrocharge. The wavefunction of the proton so quantum entangles with its surroundings under Coulombic electrocharge interaction defined in the electroweak gauge unification of the protonic quantum geometry. Additionally, the magneto charge coupling from the higher dimensional string couplings allow the lower dimensional electromagnetic interactions through and by agency of the mass-inertia manifestation, to realise this space-inherent wave-protonic consciousness in the measured realism of a matter based realism of experiences
Bonding in the Nucleus of an Atom
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, 2015
Since the discovery of the atom and nucleus. The bonding of the proton & neutron, proton & proton, neutron & neutron have remained a mystery. Although, scientists discovered they were being held together by nuclear forces, the scientific explanation of the attraction remained a mystery. This paper unfolds the mystery behind the attraction in the nucleus of an atom.
Quark models of nuclear matter:(I). Basic models and ground-state properties
1992
Nuclear matter is moüeled directly in the constituent quark coordinates . A many-body string flip potential is used which confines quarks, allows hadrons to separate and is symmetric in all quark coordinates . Variational Monte Carlo results are presented for the energy, wave function and quark correlation function of nuclear and quark matter for various densities. These show how quark clustering decreases with density. A percolation phase transition from nuclear to quark matter is observed which is characterized by a dramatic rearrangement of strings.
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation. For example and for the proton, the positive charge is concentrated in its mass nucleus with an uncharged mass cloud around its nucleus distributed in the orbitals or mass clouds. For the electron, the negative charge is concentrated in its mass nucleus with an uncharged mass cloud around its nucleus distributed in the orbitals or mass clouds. Besides, in the formation of the hydrogen atom, a part of the mass cloud of the proton interacts with the mass cloud of the electron, and the total mass-energy lost in this interaction is transformed into electromagnetic energy according to Einstein's equation: E=mc2 and the variant mass formula discovered and developed by myself: Giovanni Alcocer Variant Formulas. Therefore, the electron and proton are bound together in the hydrogen atom due to the electrostatic force between the two particles and the mass cloud of the electron and proton with some mass cloud lost in the interaction and converted to electromagnetic energy or photons. Then, it is right to assume this mass symmetry, since the electron and the proton in the interaction of the mass cloud lose mass but do not lose electric charge. In this form, it is justified the existence of a mass cloud. Therefore, the main function of the mass cloud is the binding energy. The mass cloud interaction generates binding energy between the electrons and the nucleus in the atom through the protons and between the nucleons in the nucleus: protons with protons, neutrons with neutrons, and protons with neutrons. The nuclear force between two nucleons is characterized by being strong and short-range. Also, it can be justified by the existence of the mass cloud: the mass clouds of nucleons within the nucleus interact with each other without any effect on the proton charge. In the same form and due to the quarks having mass and charge (and inclusive colors), the quarks have also the same mass symmetry: mass and mass cloud. Thus, the electrical charge is stored in the mass of the quarks and the mass cloud allows the confinement or the respective binding between quarks. Then, the following questions are explained and answered simply in this research article: why a particle does not exist with only one quark? why the quarks are confined to the nucleus? and which is the origin of the nuclear forces? On other hand, there are particles with two quarks (mesons), particles with three quarks (baryons) and then, it is very probable to find particles with more than three quarks (quaternions). This scientific research presents evidence of the existence of mass symmetry: mass and mass cloud and the interaction between the mass cloud of the particles (The Yin Yang Interaction) based on Einstein's equation and in the Variant Mass formula for the Electron in the atom discovered and demonstrated by myself where experimental results are detailed.
Atomic Nuclei Modelled Without Magic Particles
2018
Atomic nuclei are normally drawn as a combination of protons and neutrons grouped together as close as possible. Given the enormous repulsive force between two protons such a configuration cannot represent reality. Quantum physics pretends to solve this problem by means of quarks, held together by gluons. This article presents a model without such particles and forces.
Quantized Structure of Nucleons. the Nature of Nuclear Forces
viXra, 2019
This article was published like chapter 5 in the Leonov's book: Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification. Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2010, pp. 352-420. To solve the problem of nuclear forces, I had to destroy part of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). None of the physicists directly measured the fractional electric charge in QCD. Only an entire electric charge of physics was measured with the highest accuracy. Elementary electric charge e is the most stable constant in nature. Only entire electric quarks with a charge of ±1e make up the structure of nucleons to create a sing-alternating (sing-changing) shell with alternating charges in sign. The presence of a sing-alternating shell for nucleons provides spherical deformation of quantized space-time and the formation of mass. The sing-alternating shells of the nucleons create short-range electric forces, regardless of the presence of an excess charge on the nucleon. These short-range electrical forces ...
Quarks and Neutron Halo Nuclei, Nuclear Clusters and Nuclear Molecules
Modern Physics Letters A, 2001
It is shown that the hole in the centre of 3 H , 3 He and 4 He , the neutron halos in nuclei, the α- and other clustering effects in nuclei and the nuclear molecules all basically arise due to the same underlying effect. We shall show that all these ground state properties of nuclei are manifestations of quark effects. The role of triton clustering in very neutron rich nuclei is emphasized. All these require the concept of hidden colour states which arise from confinement ideas of QCD for the multi-quark systems. This provides a comprehensive understanding of diverse nuclear effects and makes unique predictions.
Unexplored ways the atomic nucleus may be bound
2021
The first theories of atomic nuclear cohesion entailed electric forces binding together protons with a few electrons in the nucleus. The 1932 discovery of neutrons destroyed that line of thinking. The evidence suggested a new fundamental force of nature characterized by operation on both protons and electrically-neutral neutrons, with a very short range, and overpowering strength. Presented herein are novel and non-obvious structures that show these characteristics could nevertheless be manifestations of the electrical force. Protons and neutrons are now known to each securely contain fractional charges of both signs. If two oppositely-charged fractional charges in neighboring nucleons can get within 5% of a nucleon radius, Coulomb’s law predicts they will form an electrical bond strong enough to explain nuclear cohesion. Ironically, such electrical bonds would be characterized by the very phenomena that were thought to rule out the electrical force: participation of neutrons, nucle...