Temptations to smoke after quitting: A comparison of lapsers and maintainers (original) (raw)
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Individual differences in the context of smoking lapse episodes
Addictive Behaviors, 1997
Research on relapse has often focused either on the momentary context of lapses or on stable traits that predict who will relapse. We examine the relation between the two, analyzing how individual differences relate to characteristics of initial lapses, which were recorded nearly in real time by 105 smokers using hand-held computers. More nicotine-dependent smokers lapsed under more negative affect and more intense urges, but they did not smoke more in the initial lapse. Questionnaire measures of negative affect smoking did not predict negative affect lapses. Smokers who lapsed when drinking were less nicotine dependent, but they had a history of smoking while drinking, as assessed by computer monitoring. Smokers who attempted coping but lapsed nevertheless reported less active coping styles on the Ways of Coping questionnaire. The results demonstrate the interplay between individual traits and contextual influences in smoking relapse, and they particularly highlight the role of nicotine dependence in relation to contextual factors. 0 1997
Temptation experiences during a smoking cessation attempt: A mixed method analysis
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to gain an insider's perspective regarding the overall experiences of 61 participants who attempted to quit smoking and to determine whether particular factors were associated with lapses. Design: A 14-day longitudinal randomized design. Methods: Participants used palm-top computers and tape-recorders to report on smoking temptation episodes. All urges experienced from the onset of the participant's quit day and the succeeding 14 days were to be recorded. Results: All narratives were transcribed and underwent qualitative descriptive coding. Pearson correlation analyses found the negative support for cessation and low commitment to cessation variables were significantly associated with increased lapses. Primary trigger codes found participants with habit related urges lapsed significantly less while participants with emotion-triggered urges lapsed significantly more. Conclusions: Tailored treatments for specific subsets of smokers may help increase cessation success rates.
The Abstinence Violation Effect Following Smoking Lapses and Temptations
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1997
We evaluated abstinence violation effects (AVEs) (a constellation of negative reactions to a lapse) following an initial lapse to smoking in 105 recent lapsers, and in temptation episodes from these lapsers and from 35 maintainers. Participants used palm-top computers to record AVE data within minutes of the episode, thus avoiding retrospective bias. Lapses resulted in increased negative affect and decreased
Addictive Behaviors, 2013
► Coping styles were differentially associated with the smoking cessation process. ► Coping was mainly related to a lower lapse risk and not to lower urge levels. ► Stimulus control predicted a lower lapse risk and a lower urge level. ► Calming down and commitment to change predicted a lower lapse risk. ► Disengagement coping was not associated with the lapse process. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Coping Smoking Urge to smoke Lapse Ecological momentary assessment
First lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1996
Studies of smoking relapse and temptation episodes have relied on retrospective recall and confounded between-and within-subject variability. Real-time data on temptations and lapses to smoke were gathered using palm-top computers. We made within-subject comparisons of the initial lapse, a temptation episode, and base rate data obtained through randomly scheduled assessments. Negative affect discriminated all three situations, with lapses worse than temptations, and temptations worse than random situations. Participants attributed lapses to negative mood and smoking cues, whereas temptations were more often attributed to behavioral transitions. Participants were 12 times more likely to report coping in temptations than in lapses. However, only cognitive (vs. behavioral) coping strategies were effective. Lapses (vs. the other situations) were more likely to occur when smoking was permitted, when cigarettes were easily available, and in the presence of other smokers. The results have clinical implications, and the computerized monitoring methods may be applicable to an array of clinical research problems.
Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 2015
Background: Single-item urges to smoke measures have been contemplated as important measures of nicotine dependence This study aimed to prospectively determine the relationships between measures of craving to smoke and smoking cessation, and compare their ability to predict cessation with the Heaviness of Smoking Index, an established measure of nicotine dependence. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the randomised controlled PORTSSS trial. Measures of nicotine dependence, ascertained before making a quit attempt, were the HSI, frequency of urges to smoke (FUTS) and strength of urges to smoke (SUTS). Self-reported abstinence at six months after quitting was the primary outcome measure. Multivariate logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to assess associations and abilities of the nicotine dependence measures to predict smoking cessation. Results: Of 2,535 participants, 53.5% were female; the median (Interquartile range) age was 38 (28-50) years. Both FUTS and HSI were inversely associated with abstinence six months after quitting; for each point increase in HSI score, participants were 16% less likely to have stopped smoking (OR 0.84, 95% C.I 0.78-0.89, p < 0.0001). Compared to participants with the lowest possible FUTS scores, those with greater scores had generally lower odds of cessation (p across frequency of urges categories=0.0026). SUTS was not associated with smoking cessation. ROC analysis suggested the HSI and FUTS had similar predictive validity for cessation. Conclusions: Higher FUTS and HSI scores were inversely associated with successful smoking cessation six months after quit attempts began and both had similar validity for predicting cessation.
Factors predicting smoking in a laboratory-based smoking-choice task
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2013
This study aimed to expand the current understanding of smoking maintenance mechanisms by examining how putative relapse risk factors relate to a single behavioral smoking choice using a novel laboratory smoking-choice task. After 12 hours of nicotine deprivation, participants were exposed to smoking cues and given the choice between smoking up to two cigarettes in a 15minute window or waiting and receiving four cigarettes after a delay of 45 minutes. Greater nicotine dependence, higher impulsivity, and lower distress tolerance were hypothesized to predict earlier and more intensive smoking. Out of 35 participants (n=9 female), 26 chose to smoke with a median time to a first puff of 1.22 minutes (standard deviation=2.62 min, range=0.03-10.62 min). Survival analyses examined latency to first puff, and results indicated that greater pre-task craving and smoking more cigarettes per day were significantly related to smoking sooner in the task. Greater behavioral disinhibition predicted shorter smoking latency in the first two minutes of the task, but not at a delay of more than two minutes. Lower distress tolerance (reporting greater regulation efforts to alleviate distress) was related to more puffs smoked and greater nicotine dependence was related to more time spent smoking in the task. This novel laboratory smokingchoice paradigm may be a useful laboratory analog for the choices smokers make during cessation attempts and may help identify factors that influence smoking lapses.
Effect of smoking cues and cigarette availability on craving and smoking behavior
Addictive Behaviors, 1995
This study examined whether smokers respond differently to smoking cues than to affectively neutral or unpleasant cues without smoking content, and whether reactivity is affected by expectations regarding the opportunity to smoke. Expectancy was manipulated by telling subjects in group SMOKE that they could smoke, and subjects in group NO SMOKE that they could not smoke following each cue-reactivity session. The dependent variables were subjective ratings of "desire to smoke", "high", "withdrawal", and mood, as well as latency to initiate smoking measured in group SMOKE. Statistical analyses demonstrated that only group SMOKE (a) reported greater "desire to smoke" and "withdrawal" to the smoking cues compared lo the baseline, (b) reported greater "desire to smoke" to the smoking cues than to the unpleasant or to the neutral cues, and (c) smoked faster after the smoking cues than after the neutral cues. Both groups rated the unpleasant cues as affectively more negative than the neutral cues. The data suggest that the impact of drug-cues on craving and subsequent drug-use is due to their drug-related content, and not to negative affect. Furthermore, the impact of drug-related cues appears to be influenced by perceived drug-availability.