Lethal and sub lethal effects of the biocide chlorhexidine on aquatic organisms (original) (raw)
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Toxicology, 2006
The aim of this work was to study the transference of hexachlorobenzene from a green alga (Chlorella kessleri) to an estuary crab (Chasmagnathus granulatus), and to analyze the toxic effects that the xenobiotic has on the latter. The effect of hexachlorobenzene uptake was evaluated measuring oxidative stress, Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity and morphometric parameter alteration, and also performing a histological analysis of crab hepatopancreas. Results demonstrated that hexachlorobenzene enters the alga, is accumulated in it, and then transferred into the crab, causing a decrease in Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in both organisms. The high malondialdehyde levels detected in crab hepatopancreas after the toxic treatment suggested the existence of hexachlorobenzene-induced lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant defenses such as superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione content fell below normal values on the fourth week of treatment. At the same time, the hepatosomatic index, used as a morphometric parameter, reduced 20% with respect to the control. The histological analysis revealed epithelium disorganization in hepatopancreas tubules, confirming the existence of structural damage caused by hexachlorobenzene.
Water Research, 1976
The differential effects of free chlorine and chloramine on stage I larvae of the American lobster Homarus americanus have been investigated in continuous flow bioassay units. Applied chloramine was more toxic than corresponding concentrations of applied free chlorine to lobster larvae with estimated LCso values at 25 ° of 16.30 mg/l applied free chlorine and 2.02 mg/1 applied chloramine. The synergistic effect of temperature on the toxicity of both free chlorine and chloramine has also been demonstrated. Exposure to applied free chlorine at 20 ° resulted in no significant mortality of test organisms, whereas exposure at 30 ° resulted in an estimated LCs0 value of 2.50mg/1. Applied chloramine was considerably more toxic with an estimated LC50 value at 20 ° of 4.08 mg/1 and at 30 ° of 0.56 mg/1. The action of each toxicant appeared to be an alteration of standard metabolic activity as revealed by changes in respiration rates during and after exposure to applied free chlorine and chloramine. Initial respiratory stress was detected during exposure to 0.05 mg/l applied chloramine and 5.00 mg/1 applied free chlorine. Reductions in respiration rates 48 h after exposure were observed with exposure to all concentrations tested, similar results being obtained following exposure to 0.05 mg/1 applied chloramine and 0.10 mg/1 applied free chlorine. These results are indicative of the need for information in addition to that obtained in standard bioassays for an adequate assessment of chlorine toxicity. The apparent chlorine demand of the seawater used in this study was determined after removal of particulate and dissolved organics and ammonia. Approximately 18% of the applied level of free chlorine and chloramine was recovered as residuals, measured by amperometric titration; however, no reason for this low recovery has been determined. Until it has been established that undetected chlorine and chloramine in seawater do not result in the production of toxic compounds, both applied and residual levels should be reported in toxicity studies.
Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias, 2022
Pesticides have reached aquatic ecosystems and have caused numerous impacts on organisms. The present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of Daphnia similis Straus 1820 and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) F.Hindák to three commercial pesticides with different active ingredients: Siptran 500SC® (atrazine), Dimilin® (diflubenzuron), and Aproach Prima® (picoxystrobin + cyproconazole). For this purpose, we performed acute toxicity tests on these organisms. The compound most toxic to D. similis was the insecticide Dimilin® (toxic up to 5 μg/L of the active ingredient), followed by the fungicide Aproach Prima® (48h-EC50: 47.33 μg of the active ingredients/L) and the herbicide Siptran 500SC® (48h-EC50: 534.69 mg of the active ingredient/L). In contrast, Siptran 500SC® was the most toxic compound (96h-IC50: 52.61 μg/L) to P. subcapitata, followed by Aproach Prima® (96h-IC50: 164.73 μg/L) and Dimilin® (non-toxic up to 1 g/L). The toxicity of the fungicide to algae and microcrustaceans demonstrates that compounds developed for certain organisms are able to affect others, indicating the relevance of conducting ecotoxicological tests on different organisms.
Ecotoxicology, 2005
This study investigated the toxic effects of the insecticides lindane and chlorpyrifos, the herbicide diuron, the organometallic antifoulant tributyltin (TBT), and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the early life stages of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Euechinoidea), Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Ascidiacea), Maja squinado and Palaemon serratus (Arthropoda, Crustacea) in laboratory acute toxicity tests. The assays studied embryogenesis success from fertilized egg to normal larvae in P. lividus (48 h incubation at 20 °C) and C. intestinalis (24 h incubation at 20 °C), and larval mortality at 24 and 48 h in M. squinado and P. serratus. For P. lividus, the median effective concentrations (EC50) reducing percentages of normal larvae by 50% were: 350 μg l−1 for chlorpyrifos, 5500 μg l−1 for diuron, 4277 μg l−1 for SDS, and 0.309 μg l−1 for TBT. For C. intestinalis, the EC50 values affecting embryogenesis success were 5666 μg l−1 for chlorpyrifos, 24,397 μg l−1 for diuron, 4412 μg l−1 for lindane, 5145 μg l−1 for SDS, and 7.1 μg l−1 for TBT. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) for M. squinado larval survival were 0.84 μg l−1 (24 h) and 0.79 μg l−1 (48 h) for chlorpyrifos, 2.23 μg l−1 (24 h) and 2.18 μg l−1 (48 h) for lindane, and 687 μg l−1 (48 h) for SDS. For P. serratus the LC50 values obtained were 0.35 μg l−1 (24 h) and 0.22 μg l−1 (48 h) for chlorpyrifos, 3011 μg l−1 (24 h) and 3044 μg l−1 (48 h) for diuron, 5.20 μg l−1 (24 h) and 5.59 μg l−1 (48 h) for lindane, and 22.30 μg l−1 (24 h) and 17.52 μg l−1 (48 h) for TBT. Decapod larvae, as expected, were markedly more sensitive to the insecticides than sea urchins and ascidians, and SDS was the least toxic compound tested for these organisms. Lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) of TBT for sea urchin and ascidian embryos, chlorpyrifos and lindane for crustacean larvae, and SDS, were similar to those found in many coastal areas indicating that there would be a risk to invertebrate embryos and larvae from exposure in the field to these pollutants.
Comparative Toxicity of Chlordane, Chlorpyrifos, and Aldicarb to Four Aquatic Testing Organisms
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1998
Laboratory toxicity data contrasting responses of aquatic organisms to insecticides are important for focusing on sensitive species (steepest exposure-response slope) exposed to aqueous concentrations of these insecticides in field studies. These data also allow prediction of expected responses of aquatic species to a range of insecticide concentrations in situ. Aqueous 48-h toxicity tests were performed to contrast responses of Daphnia magna Straus, Hyalella azteca Saussure, Chironomus tentans Fabricius, and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides: chlorpyrifos, aldicarb, and chlordane. As expected, invertebrates tested (H. azteca, C. tentans, and D. magna) were Ն 200 times more sensitive than the vertebrate P. promelas to chlorpyrifos exposures. H. azteca was approximately 3.5 times more sensitive to chlorpyrifos (453% mortality/µg/L) than D. magna (128% mortality/µg/L). For both aldicarb and chlordane, C. tentans was the most sensitive species tested (2.44 and 2.54% mortality/µg/L, respectively). Differences in chlordane potency for test species varied only by a factor of approximately 2-3 (0.88% mortality/µg/L for H. azteca to 2.54% mortality/µg/L for C. tentans). Although point estimates of population responses such as LC50s, NOECs, and LOECs are of some utility for predicting effects of pesticides in aquatic systems, exposureresponse slopes are also useful for extrapolation of laboratory data to diverse field situations, especially where sediment sorption may regulate insecticide exposure or bioavailability.
Effect of the organochlorine pesticide technical chlordane on intertidal macrofauna
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1992
As part of a general investigation into the fate and impact of technical chlordane in marine ecosystems, a 2-month field trial was conducted on an intertidal sandflat to identify sensitive species and the timescale of their response. Bivalves were most noticeably affected by the pesticide, with the three most common species declining in abundance by 31-56%. One common polychaete worm and an anemone also decreased in density. Only two species increased in abundance; both were crustaceans frequently found in the demersal plankton. A variety of community level analyses did not indicate a response to chlordane principally because dominance hierarchy and species composition were maintained. The response of the resident infauna could not have been predicted from the current literature on chlordane toxicity, highlighting the need for ecotoxicological tests on more marine species and for assessment methods which relate to field conditions. Many pesticides applied to land or used in industry end up in coastal environments. Persistent organochlorines like chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, and lindane are a particular problem because of their accumulation and biomagnification through the food chain and their toxicity to a wide range of non-target organisms (Ernst, 1984). Since 1946 more than 70 000 t of technical chlordane have been produced, of which 25-50% is thought still to exist unaltered in the environment (Dearth & Hites, 1991). Reports of chlordane compounds in marine organisms and sediments are both numerous and geographically widespread (e.g. Tanita et al., 1976; Rosales et al., 1979; Fox et al., 1988; Phillips & Spies, 1988). Nevertheless, little is known about how technical chlordane, or any of its major constituents (e.g. cis-and trans-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, heptachlor, compound C), affect marine benthic communities. Some informarion is available on the acute toxicity of chlordane compounds to selected marine organisms (e.g. Parrish et at, 1976; McLeese et at, 1982), but such data are of limited use when forecasting sub-lethal effects and community response (Waldichuk, 1989).
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2015
This work presents the toxicity results of different compounds classified as emerging contaminants on primary producers and primary consumers in the aquatic compartment. The objectives were to (1) obtain acute and chronic toxicity results for algae and Daphnia magna using standardised or currently used tests, (2) study the relationship between the effects on the impaired feeding rate for daphnia and the effects of reproduction and (3) examine the responses on daphnia and algae after binary combinations of environmentally relevant compounds and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Toxicity data on personal care products (PCPs), not reported in the scientific literature up to now, are presented. The results confirmed that the Daphnia feeding bioassay can be a sensitive, ecologically relevant endpoint to detect sublethal effects and could complement the information obtained with the reproduction test on Daphnia. The results also suggested that the concomitant occurrence of PFOS and other ...
Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic system—an overview
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2011
The study was carried out on the alga Chlorella vulgaris and young specimens of crucian carp Carassius carassius. The algae and fish were exposed to a pesticide gamametox powder containing 0.6% of lindane and 3% of methoxychlor. Gas chromatography method was used to determine the content of these two active substances in the material. Based on the mean lindane and methoxychlor contents it was revealed that they were bioaccumulated at different levels of the trophic chain. Their accumulation was higher in fish than in algae, which were the source of their food. Their concentration in the muscles of crucian carp was higher when absorbed from food (i.e. Chlorella vulgaris cells), than directly from water. A similar situation was observed in relation to lindane content in the liver. In the brain, however, the concentration of both pesticides was diversioned or similar. The highest concentrations were revealed in the brain of crucian carp, slightly lower in the liver and the lowest in the muscles, i.e. edible parts of fish, irrespective of the way of absorption. Albaiges J., A. Farran, M. Soler, A. Gallifa, P. Marten, 1987: Accumulation and distribution of biogenic and pollutant hydrocarbons, PCB and DDT in tissues of Western Mediterranean fishes. Mar. Environ. Res., 22: 1: 1-18. Amarowicz R., S. Smoczyński, Z. Borejsza, 1986: Szybka metoda wyodrębniania chlorowanych węglowodorów z tłuszczu [A quick method to isolate chlorinated carbohydrates from fat]. Rocz. PZH., 37: 542-545.(In Polish). Barruffaldi A., C. Cucchi, 1989: Structural and ultrastructural changes induced by DDT in Ictalurus species and Carassuis carassius. Cytobiol, 60: 197-204.