Clinical and Demographic Variables Related to Pain in HIV-Infected Individuals Treated with Effective, Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) (original) (raw)
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Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2017
Pain has always been an important part of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and its experience for patients. In this guideline, we review the types of chronic pain commonly seen among persons living with HIV (PLWH) and review the limited evidence base for treatment of chronic noncancer pain in this population. We also review the management of chronic pain in special populations of PLWH, including persons with substance use and mental health disorders. Finally, a general review of possible pharmacokinetic interactions is included to assist the HIV clinician in the treatment of chronic pain in this population.It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The Infectious Diseases Society of American considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding the...
Progression of Pain in Ambulatory HIV-positive South Africans
Pain Management Nursing, 2015
Cross-sectional studies report that pain in ambulatory HIV-infected individuals is frequent and often under-managed. Expanding access to HIV treatment in developing countries means that infected individuals are living longer, but there is a dearth of pain-directed studies from developing countries that describe the progression of pain and its treatment over any period of time.
Pain in hospitalized HIV-positive patients: clinical and therapeutical issues
Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2005
Pain is frequently reported by patients infected with Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and its causes and specific treatment should be appropriately investigated. We evaluated 197 hospitalized HIV-positive patients with serial interviews and analysis of prescriptions and clinical evolution charts. The main characteristics of pain reported by these patients were: high intensity (60.7%), high frequency (72.0%) and well-known causes (88.8%). Fifty-two per cent of the patients reported persistent or frequent pain during the two weeks before hospital admission. Parameters such as gender, educational level and Karnofsky Index showed no direct relation to the presence or absence of pain. The most commonly affected sites were the head (28.0%) and the abdomen (26.2%). The frequency of indications of pain in the clinical evolution charts (46.2%) was considerably lower than the frequency of complaints reported by patients during the interviews (76.3%). Pain was undertreated in 83.2% of patients, both due to poor efficacy of the prescribed medications and to the excessive and inefficient use of standing order ("if necessary") regimens. We observed that pain was better managed during the hospitalization period, although this cannot be explained by improvement of the analgesic treatment; it might be due to successful treatment of the underlying disease. We concluded that pain reported by hospitalized HIV-positive patients is often underestimated and inadequately treated by assisting doctors, in spite of its severity and frequency.
The Journal of Pain, 2012
This study aimed to determine the prevalence, intensity, associated factors, and effect of pain among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients. Three-hundred two adult ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients were consecutively recruited from HIV/AIDS outpatient clinics at 2 teaching hospitals in Uganda. The presence and intensity of pain were self-reported using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI); symptom data were collected using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS-SF); and quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the Medical Outcome Scale-HIV. Forty-seven percent reported pain in the 7 days prior to the survey and pain was a symptom at the time of diagnosis for 68%. On the 0 to 10 numeric scale, 53% reported mild pain (1-4 rating), 20% reported moderate pain (5-6 rating) while 27% reported severe pain (7-10 rating). Gender was not associated with pain intensity, but reduced functional performance, increasing number of symptoms, advanced HIV disease , physical symptom distress (MSAS-SF), and number of health comorbidities were significantly associated with pain intensity (P < .04). Increasing pain intensity was associated with greater functional ability impairment (BPI functional interference index) and poorer QOL. Pain is a common symptom among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients and has a debilitating effect on QOL. There is a significant unmet need for pain relief in the population. Perspective: This article discusses the characteristics and effect of pain on function and QOL in East African patients. It also contributes information on characteristics of HIV/AIDS adult patients in the East Africa demonstrating the aspects in which pain is similar across different cultures.
Pain in ambulatory AIDS patients. I: Pain characteristics and medical correlates
Pain, 1996
The characteristics and impact of pain were evaluated in a prospective cross-sectional survey of 438 ambulatory AIDS patients recruited from health care facilities in New York City. More than 60% of the patients reported 'frequent or persistent pain' during the 2 wks preceding the study. Patients with pain reported an average of 2.5 different pains. On the O-10 numerical scale of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), mean pain intensity 'on average' was 5.4 (SD= 2.2; range= 0-10), and mean pain 'at its worst' was 7.4 (SD= 2.0; range = l-l 0). The pain-related functional interference index (sum of the seven item BPI subscale) was 42.6 (SD= 17.2; range = 0-70).
Pain as a Complication of HIV Disease
Aids Patient Care and Stds, 1998
Pain as a symptom is common to many pathologic conditions. At its most elementary level, it is a signal from peripheral nerves with specialized receptors that there is a change in the local environment, such as pressure, pH, temperature, or some other noxious stimulus, that can be detrimental to function. Pain is particularly prevalent in patients with HIV infection. The assessment, evaluation, and treatment of pain should be an integral part of comprehensive patient care. EPIDEMIOLOGY Most published studies that have examined the question of pain during the course of HIV infection have demonstrated that pain occurs in a majority of patients and that the frequency, intensity, and debilitating effects of pain increase with overall disease progression. A few examples illustrate this point. In one outpatient center of 140 patients, 55% indicated that they had had pain other than pain from minor headaches, sprains, and toothaches in the last month. Half of these patients reported that treatment resulted in less than 70% relief of pain, and 19% indicated they were not receiving any treatment for pain.1 A study of 112 ambulatory AIDS patients showed that 65% experienced pain, including chronic pain and neuropathy.
Pain Treatment and Antiretroviral Medication Adherence Among Vulnerable HIV-Positive Patients
Aids Patient Care and Stds, 2015
Pain represents a significant source of morbidity, function loss, and decreased quality of life among people living with HIV. The present study examined the associations among pain, pain treatment, and ARV adherence among indigent, HIV-positive substance abusers. Participants were recruited via targeted sampling strategies, and completed a one-time computer-assisted personal interview. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to analyze differences in demographics, health and psychological status, health behaviors, by pain and pain treatment status; a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to examine the contribution of pain/ treatment status to recent ARV adherence. Results indicated that those with untreated pain had lower odds of achieving gold-standard 95% ARV adherence as compared to the pain-free and treated pain groups; higher substance dependence symptoms were also associated with significantly lower odds of 95% ARV adherence. Findings suggest that pain management is critical to the health of people living with HIV, specifically those with high levels of co-morbid health and psychological problems. The prevalence of untreated pain was elevated among this group, and contributed to reduced ARV adherence. Providers of clinical care to disadvantaged HIV-positive patients should emphasize routine assessment and appropriate treatment of pain in order to provide comprehensive HIV care.