Electro-optic modulation of laser diode light by mode interference in a multilayer waveguide including a 2-docosylamino-5-nitropyridine Langmuir–Blodgett film (original) (raw)
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Organic films for guided nonlinear optics
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 1998
Nonlinear optics has recently developed from a purely basic discipline to a number of research fields focused on potential applications. One fundamental requirement is the impleinentation of future devices utilizing waveguides. Limiting us to organic materials, this demands the fabrication of homogeneous and hopefully oriented thin films. Here our activity on organic guides with interesting X ~-> or X ~3) nonlinear properties is reported. In particular, four layer guides (FLGs) including 2-docosylamino-5-nitropyridine (DCANP) Langmuir-Blodgett ( LB ) films have been realized and used to perform electro-optic tests. A measurement of the Pockel's r= coefficient gave a value greater than i / 10 of the r33 coefficient of LiNbO>
Advanced Materials, 1999
Organic thin films with non-centrosymmetric ordering of dipoles are very attractive as waveguides for nonlinear optic and electro-optic applications. High electric field poling or self-assembly has been widely used to align dipolar molecules perpendicular to the film surface. However, only a few examples of in-plane alignment of dipolar molecules have been described, including epitaxy on a lattice-matched organic substrate surface, in-plane poling, and Langmuir±Blodgett film deposition. [6,7] Based on a new type of nonlinear optical material, we have demonstrated, to our knowledge for the first time, that the dipolar molecules in an organic thin film can be in-situ aligned in any desired direction within the film plane by organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) at oblique incidence. [8] This one-component, relatively fast (5 nm min ±1 ), OMBD based, and easily controlled thin film growth technique provides a new tool for the production of organic thin films with an in-plane directional order for second-order nonlinear optics (NLO) and electro-optics.
Recent advances in polymer electro-optic modulators
In this brief review, nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores widely used in electro-optic (EO) devices are summarized according to their EO coefficients. The advances of EO modulators based on organic materials in high bandwidth and low half wave voltages (V p ) are discussed. The review is mainly devoted to the following aspects: verification of high frequency operation and reduction of V p for all polymer waveguide EO modulators; (2) structures and advantages of sol-gel waveguide EO modulators; (3) principles and developments of silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) EO modulators. All the considerations are illustrated by the architecture of the devices and the used physical and chemical principles are explained in detail. Further means of improvement of their parameters are indicated.
All-organic electro-optic waveguide modulator comprising SU-8 and nonlinear optical polymer
Optics express, 2017
In this paper we describe the principles of operation as well as the fabrication and testing steps of an all-organic waveguide modulator. The modulator comprises an SU-8 core and an electro-optic host-guest polymer cladding. The polymer properties are tuned in order to achieve single mode operation. We used direct-write laser lithography in two steps for the preparation of the devices. The electro-optic coefficient of the polymer is estimated from observing the modulation of the device operated in push-pull mode.
From molecules to opto-chips: organic electro-optic materials
Journal of Materials …, 1999
by electronic state lifetimes in contrast to polymeric modudevice fabrication techniques have significantly increased lators where response times are essentially limited by electronic the potential for incorporation of these materials and phase relaxation times (corresponding to a few tens of femtosedevices into modern high bandwidth (fiber and wireless) conds). Polymeric modulators also avoid energy loss that is telecommunication, information processing, and radar sysnormally associated with absorptive processes. Since such tems. Charge transfer p-electron chromophores characmodulators operate in regions of high transparency, very little terized by molecular first hyperpolarizability (second order heating results. Light scattering is typically the only optical optical non-linearity) values approaching 3000×10−30 esu loss mechanism of consequence.
Polymer electro-optic modulators
2000
With the request for high speed data transmission through the införmation networks ever increasing, conventionallinks are being pushed to their limits. Optical interconnection can pro¬ vide the required bandwidth but there is a vital need to better merge optics with existing elec¬ tronic technologies, and to do so at a very low cost. Polymers are very promising for this integration of electronics and optics, especially in the encoding of införmation onto a light stream as this is a critical aspect of any interconnection scheme. Polymer electro-optic modulators are the main alternativeto the Standard Lithium niobatc based encoding approacb.es due to their intrinsic potential for ultrafast modulation, their low cost, and their ability for integration with semiconductor electronics. For polymer based electro-optic modulators. however, to replace current technologies. adequate performance and reliability has to be demonstrated. Materials with appropriate optical, chemical, and mechanical properties are needed and the modulator fabrication technology has to be mastered. The goal of this thesis is to investigate highly efficient and stable nonlinear optical molecules which offer the functionality to the polymers, and to fabricate electro-optic waveguide devicesbased on polyimide materials.
Optics of organic thin films and devices
Optical Materials, 2003
Organic thin films have recently emerged as promising candidates for advanced optical device and system applications. To fully utilize these thin films for modern optics, one should understand the nature of the polarization of light and theory of the propagation of optical waves in such anisotropic media. Basic concepts associated with optical components are described in view of the useful features of organic materials for device applications. The operation principles and some aspects of several liquid crystal devices are also presented.
Science, 2000
Electro-optic (EO) modulators encode electrical signals onto fiber optic transmissions. High drive voltages limit gain and noise levels. Typical polymeric and lithium niobate modulators operate with halfwave voltages of 5 volts. Sterically modified organic chromophores have been used t o reduce the attenuation of electric field poling-induced electro-optic activity caused by strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions. Such modified chromophores, incorporated into polymer hosts, were used t o fabricate EO modulators with halfwave voltages of 0.8 volts (at a telecommunications wavelength of 1318 nanometers) and t o achieve a halfwave voltage-interaction length product of 2.2 voltcentimeters. Optical push-pull poling and driving were also used t o reduce halfwave voltage. This study, together with recent demonstrations of exceptional bandwidths (more than 110 gigahertz) and ease of integration (with very large scale integration semiconductor circuitry and ultra-low-loss passive optical circuitry) demonstrates the potential of polymeric materials for next generation telecommunications, information processing, and radio frequency distribution.
Direct electron beam writing of channel waveguides in nonlinear optical organic crystals
Optics Express, 2007
We report on optical channel waveguiding in an organic crystalline waveguide produced by direct electron beam patterning. The refractive index profile as a function of the applied electron fluence has been determined by a reflection scan method in the nonlinear optical organic crystal 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST). A maximal refractive index reduction of ∆n 1 = −0.3 at a probing wavelength of 633 nm has been measured for an electron fluence of 2.6 mC/cm 2. Furthermore, a new concept of direct channel waveguide patterning in bulk crystals is presented and waveguiding has been demonstrated in the produced structures by end-fire coupling. Mach-Zehnder modulators have been successfully realized and a first electro-optic modulation at a wavelength of λ = 1.55 µm has been demonstrated therein.
Polymer electro-optic devices for integrated optics
Chemical Physics, 1999
Recent advances in polymer electro-optic polymers and in fabrication techniques have made possible advances in polymer optical guided wave devices which bring them much closer to system ready. The processing of a new thermal set FTC polymer and its incorporation into a high-frequency, low-V optical amplitude modulator are reviewed. The design and p fabrication of 100 GHz modulators and their integration with rectangular metal waveguides using an anti-podal finline transition with a flexible Mylar substrate is discussed. High-speed polymer modulators with balanced outputs and the in situ trimming of the output coupler is described. More complex guided wave devices using polymers are demonstrated by the photonic rf phase shifter. Techniques for integrating both passive and active polymers into the same optical circuit without the need for mode matching is presented and demonstrated. To reduce the V of a polymer amplitude modulator to 1 V or p under, a technique of constant-bias voltage is demonstrated. Finally, a technique to directly laser write electro-optic polymer devices is reviewed. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.