Amoebicidal activity of the rhizomes and aerial parts of Allium sivasicum on Entamoeba histolytica (original) (raw)
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This parallel, randomized, double blind clinical trial was designed to compare allopathic drugs [a combination of metronidazole + diloxanide furoate (MDF)] with Endemali (herbal product) for therapeutic cure rate and side effects in order to find out the most suitable drug for this killer disease. This double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in two areas of Karachi, Pakistan after approval from ethical committee of Hamdard University. All those confirmed for Entamoeba histolytica were included in the study. One hundred and seventy one patients selected for the study were randomly allocated to two arms of 86 and 85 for allopathic and herbal treatment, respectively. However 78 in allopathic and 75 in herbal group completed the study. Main outcome variable was treatment success or failure. Secondary outcome measures included side effects and association with age and sex. No significant difference was observed in the socio economic and demographic variables at the baseline. No significant difference was found between the cure rate of MDF and Endemali; hence both drugs were equally effective in treating amoebiasis. Significant differences were reported for the side effects observed among the two groups and the price. The failure rate for the two drugs was 28.7%. It is concluded that both Endemali and MDF are equally effective in treating amoebiasis. However, Endemali has fewer side effects than MDF. New drugs need to be researched for the treatment of E. histolytica because of high failure rate of the two drugs against this killer organism.
Molecules, 2014
Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is nowadays a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Annually, up to 100,000 deaths occur across the world. Due to the resistance that pathogenic protozoa exhibit against commercial antiprotozoal drugs, a growing emphasis has been placed on plants used in traditional medicine to discover new antiparasitics. Previously, we reported the in vitro antiamoebic activity of a methanolic extract of Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano). In this study, we outline the isolation and structure elucidation of antiamoebic compounds occurring in this plant. The subsequent work-up of this methanol extract by bioguided isolation using several chromatographic techniques yielded the flavonoids pinocembrin (1), sakuranetin (2), cirsimaritin (3), and naringenin (4). Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved by spectroscopic/spectrometric analyses and comparing literature data. These compounds revealed significant antiprotozoal activity against E. histolytica trophozoites using in vitro tests, showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50) ranging from 28 to 154 µg/mL. Amebicide activity of sakuranetin and cirsimaritin is reported for the first time in this study. These research data may help to corroborate the use of this plant in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2023
Antiprotozoal activity of 36 medicinal plants was evaluated. Materials & methods: In vitro potency against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania infantum beside cytotoxicity on MRC-5 fibroblasts were determined. Results & conclusion: Maytenus parviflora showed the highest activity against T. b. brucei (IC 50 of 0.6 μg/ml) and T. b. rhodesiense (IC 50 of 0.5 μg/ml) with low cytotoxicity (CC 50 of 30 μg/ml). Saussurea costus and Commiphora wightii, showed pronounced potency against T. cruzi with an IC 50 of 3.6 and 2.5 μg/ml, respectively. Jatropha pelargonifolia and Solanum villosum exhibited pronounced activity toward L. infantum with an IC 50 of 3.2 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. M. parviflora, S. costus, C. wightii, J. pelargonifolia and S. villosum showed relevant selectivity.
Inhibitory Effect of Quassia amara Linn. Crude Bark Extract on Entamoeba histolytica in vitro
Acta Medica Philippina
Background Amoebiasis is an important cause of parasite-related diarrhea especially in countries where living conditions and sanitary systems are inadequate. 1 It is estimated to cause 40,000 to 100,000 deaths a year making it the third most important parasitic disease after malaria and schistosomiasis. 2 The disease is caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica through its invasion of the intestinal wall. The parasite is frequently transmitted by way of the fecal-oral route and releases parasite-derived hyaluronidases and proteases upon reaching the intestines. These enzymes create ulcerating mucosal lesions that often result in amoebic dysentery and amoebic colitis. 3 The parasite also affects other extraintestinal organs, mainly the liver such as in amoebic liver abscess. 4 Globally, it is estimated to infect 10% of the population. 5 At one point, it was estimated to kill 700,000 people. 6 The global estimate dates back to 1986 and to date we have not found newer studies on the global burden of the disease. More recent local studies are however consistent with this estimate. In a study conducted by Sevilla and Cross 7 among fecal and serum samples collected from Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Samar, Panay, and Palawan, 5%-6% tested positive for E. histolytica by direct fecal, concentration techniques, and indirect hemagglutination tests. Another local study by Rivera W et al. among households in an area of Northern Luzon showed that 8.119% having E. histolytica or E. dispar cysts. The same study utilized PCR techniques and showed found most cysts where E. dispar and E. histolytica are actually present in just 0.961% of that population. 8 Saniel et al. 9 recovered the parasite from 18 out of 339 (5%) children and adults with acute diarrhea consulting at the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) hospital from 1985 to 86.5. It is also implicated in amebic liver abscess patients of the Philippine General Hospital and Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center especially in male patients aged 21-50 years old. 10
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2004
Background: Amoebiasis is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Although a number of antiamoebic agents are used for its treatment, yet the susceptibility data on clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are not available. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of E. histolytica and E. dispar to metronidazole, chloroquine, emetine and tinidazole.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2017
Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are parasitic protozoa that cause gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and dysentery. Naegleria fowleri is a free living amoeba that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. However, there are limited treatments for these parasitic diseases. Extracts, fractions from extracts and some isolated compounds from selected Ghanaian medicinal plants were screened against Naegleria fowleri, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in the search for newer and safer agents for the treatment of infections caused by these parasites. Of all the extracts and compounds tested for the activity against E. histolytica, only xylopic acid and geraniin were active with IC 50 values of 4.80 μg/mL (13.30 μM) and 34.71 μg/mL (36.44 μM), respectively. Metronidazole, the positive control had an IC 50 of 1.287 μM. All other extracts and fractions exhibited IC 50 values >100 µg/mL. For G. lamblia, extracts of Albizia glaberrima, Margaritaria nobilis, Maerua angolensis and Ulva fasciata, the ethyl acetate fraction of Erythrophleum ivorense bark extract, and the isolated compound, xylopic acid exhibited IC 50 values of 15.91, 44.25, 20.00, 35.86, 13.76 and 11.45 µg/mL, respectively. The IC 50 of the positive control agent metronidazole, was 10.47 µM. The extract of A. glaberrima and xylopic acid exhibited IC 50 values of 38.70 and 16.06 µg/mL, respectively, against N. fowleri. The IC 50 of the reference drug, amphotericin B, was 0.2 µM. Thus, Ghanaian medicinal plant extracts, their fractions and isolated compounds possess anti-parasitic activity.
2010
Amoebiasis and giardiasis are worldwide spread diseases caused by the protozoans Entamoeba histolytica and several Giardia species, respectively. Their treatment includes drugs which may produce side effects and, in addition, onset of chemical resistance of these pathogenic protozoans. Thus, with the purpose of searching for new natural anti-protozoal chemotherapy, two plants of the family Lamiaceae, Mentha longifolia and Ocimum basilicum used in Saudi traditional medicine against intestinal disorders were selected to evaluate their water, ethanol and chloroform leaves extracts activity against E. histolytica and G. duodenalis trophozoites. Chloroform extract from O. basilicum was strongly active against G. duodenalis (IC 50 = 53.31 μg/ml) and very active against E. histolytica (IC 50 = 68.62 μg/ml). Ethanol extracts of both plants showed moderate activity against tested protozoa. M. longifolia chloroform extract had poor activity against E. histolytica and G. duodenalis . Giardia d...