Quantification of right ventricular volume in dogs: a comparative study between three-dimensional echocardiography and computed tomography with the reference method magnetic resonance imaging (original) (raw)
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American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2013
Objective—To compare echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) volume obtained via a modified Simpson or Teichholz method with those obtained via dual-source CT (DSCT). Animals—7 healthy Beagles. Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized for DSCT; LV volume was determined from contrast-enhanced images of the LV lumen during all phases of contraction. Echocardiography was performed with dogs awake and anesthetized. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume, and ejection fraction were measured via a modified Simpson method and Teichholz method. Each dog was anesthetized twice with a 1-week interval between anesthetic sessions. Results—Results obtained while dogs were anesthetized revealed that the modified Simpson method underestimated LV volume (mean ± SD EDV, 24.82 ± 2.38 mL; ESV, 12.24 ± 1.77 mL), compared with that estimated by the Teichholz method (EDV, 32.57 ± 2.85 mL; ESV, 14.87 ± 2.09 mL) or DSCT (EDV, 34.14 ± 1.57 mL; ESV, 16.71 ± 0.76 mL)....
American Journal of Hypertension - AMER J HYPERTENS, 1996
A three-dimensional echocardiographic system has been developed that can accurately compute left ventricular mass in vitro. This study was designed to validate the new echocardiographic system for the measurement of left ventricular mass in vivo and to compare the accuracy of three-dimensional echocardiography to the accuracy of conventional two-dimensional echocardiography for measuring left ventricular mass.Echocardiographic imaging was performed 6 h following coronary ligation in 20 open chest dogs, at which time the heart was excised and the left ventricle weighed. Three-dimensional echocardiography used multiple short axis sections and polyhedral surface reconstruction to compute myocardial volume. The two dimensional methods employed the truncated ellipsoid model and the area-length model. Myocardial volume was multiplied by 1.05 gcc and echocardiographic mass estimates were compared to the true left ventricular weight.Three-dimensional echocardiography provided the best corre...
Multimodality Comparison of Quantitative Volumetric Analysis of the Right Ventricle
JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 2010
and overcome the limitations 2D echocardiography that stem from the unique geometry of the right ventricle. We tested a new technique for volumetric analysis of the right ventricle designed for RT3DE, CMR and CCT (TomTec) on images obtained in RV-shaped phantoms and in 28 patients with a range of RV geometry who underwent RT3DE, CMR and CCT imaging on the same day. In-vitro measurements showed that: (1) volumetric analysis of CMR images yielded the most accurate measurements; (2) CCT measurements showed slight (4%) but consistent overestimation; (3) RT3DE measurements showed small underestimation, but considerably wider margins of error. In patients, both RT3DE and CCT measurements correlated highly with the CMR reference (r-values 0.79-0.89) and showed the same trends noted in-vitro. In conclusion, eliminating analysis-related inter-modality differences allowed fare comparisons and highlighted the unique limitations of each modality. Understanding these differences promises to aid in the functional assessment of the right ventricle.
Three-dimensional echocardiography. In vivo validation for right ventricular volume and function
Circulation, 1994
Background. Current two-dimensional quantitative echocardiographic methods of volume assessment require image acquisition from standardized scanning planes. Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction are then calculated by assuming ventricular symmetry and geometry. These assumptions may not be valid in distorted ventricles. Three-dimensional echocardiography can quantify left ventricular volume without the limitations imposed by the assumptions of two-dimensional methods. We have developed a three-dimensional system that automatically integrates two-dimensional echocardiographic images and their positions in real time and calculates left ventricular volume directly from traced endocardial contours without geometric assumptions. Methods and Results. To study the accuracy of this method in quantifying left ventricular volume and performance in vivo, a canine model was developed in which instantaneous left ventricular volume can be measured directly with an intracavitary balloon connected to an external column. Ten dogs were studied at 84 different cavity volumes (4 to 85 cm3) and in conditions of altered left ventricular shape produced by either coronary occlusion or right ventricular volume overload. To demonstrate clinical feasibility, 19 adult human subjects were then studied by this method for quantification of stroke volume. Left ventricular volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction calculated by three-dimensional echocardiography correlated well with directly measured values (r=.98, .96, .96 for volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction, respectively) and agreed closely with them (mean difference,-0.78 cm3,-0.60 cm3,-0.32%). In humans, there was a good correlation (r=.94, SEE=4.29 cm3) and agreement (mean difference,-0.98±4.2 cm3) between three-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler-derived stroke volumes. Conclusions. Three-dimensional echocardiography allows accurate assessment of left ventricular volume and systolic function. (Circulation. 1993;88[part 11:1715-1723.) KEY WORDs * echocardiography * left ventricle * ultrasound A ccurate determinations of left ventricular volume and performance are important in the clinical management of patients with heart disease. Volume measurements and their derivatives not only are important predictors of the risk of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction"2 but also are helpful in the timing of valvular replacement and revascularization.3-5 Echocardiography is an ideal modality for this assessment, because it is noninvasive, portable, and permits serial follow-up without the risks of cumulative radiation. Current two-dimensional quantitative echocardiographic methods require image acquisition from standardized scanning planes.6,7 Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction are then calculated by assuming that left ventricular shape can be represented by individual geometric figures or their combination. Both limitations of acoustic access and distortion of ventricular shape may invalidate these assumptions of standardized imaging planes and geometry and lead to
Circulation, 1979
Cross-sectional echocardiography was used to quantify left ventricular mass noninvasively in 21 dogs. Short- and long-axis cross-sectional images of the left ventricle were reproducibly traced at endocardial and epicardial borders during stop-motion video-tape replay. We used area, length and diameter measurements to calculate left ventricular mass by seven mathematic models, including the standard formulas used with M-mode echocardiography and cineangiography. Calculated mass was compared with excised weight of the left ventricle by regression and percent error analyses. Formulas using short-axis areas and long-axis length resulted in higher correlation coefficients (0.94--0.95) and lower mean errors (6--7%) than for standard formulas. Since short-axis areas account for regional left ventricular irregularities, noninvasive quantification of left ventricular mass by cross-sectional echocardiography in dogs is most accurate with formulas using short-axis areas.
Circulation, 2006
Background-Cardiac CT (CCT) and real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE) are being used increasingly in clinical cardiology. CCT offers superb spatial and contrast resolution, resulting in excellent endocardial definition. RT3DE has the advantages of low cost, portability, and live 3D imaging without offline reconstruction. We sought to compare both CCT and RT3DE measurements of left ventricular size and function with the standard reference technique, cardiac MR (CMR). Methods and Results-In 31 patients, RT3DE data sets (Philips 7500) and long-axis CMR (Siemens, 1.5 T) and CCT (Toshiba, 16-slice MDCT) images were obtained on the same day without -blockers. All images were analyzed to obtain end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and ejection fractions using the same rotational analysis to eliminate possible analysis-related differences. Intertechnique agreement was tested through linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Repeated measurements were performed to determine intraobserver and interobserver variability. Both CCT and RT3DE measurements resulted in high correlation (r 2 Ͼ0.85) compared with CMR. However, CCT significantly overestimated end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (26 and 19 mL; PϽ0.05), resulting in a small but significant bias in ejection fraction (Ϫ2.8%). RT3DE underestimated end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes only slightly (5 and 6 mL), with no significant bias in EF (0.3%; Pϭ0.68). The limits of agreement with CMR were comparable for the 2 techniques. The variability in the CCT measurements was roughly half of that in either RT3DE or CMR values. Conclusions-CCT provides highly reproducible measurements of left ventricular volumes, which are significantly larger than CMR values. RT3DE measurements compared more favorably with the CMR reference, albeit with higher variability. (Circulation. 2006;114:654-661.)
Circulation, 1998
Background-The lack of a suitable noninvasive method for assessing right ventricular (RV) volume and function has been a major deficiency of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. The aim of our animal study was to test a new real-time three-dimensional (3D) echo imaging system for evaluating RV stroke volumes. Methods and Results-Three to 6 months before hemodynamic and 3D ultrasonic study, the pulmonary valve was excised from 6 sheep (31 to 59 kg) to induce RV volume overload. At the subsequent session, a total of 14 different steady-state hemodynamic conditions were studied. Electromagnetic (EM) flow probes were used for obtaining aortic and pulmonic flows. A unique phased-array volumetric 3D imaging system developed at the Duke University Center for Emerging Cardiovascular Technology was used for ultrasonic imaging. Real-time volumetric images of the RV were digitally stored, and RV stroke volumes were determined by use of parallel slices of the 3D RV data set and subtraction of end-systolic cavity volumes from end-diastolic cavity volumes. Multiple regression analyses showed a good correlation and agreement between the EM-obtained RV stroke volumes (range, 16 to 42 mL/beat) and those obtained by the new real-time 3D method (rϭ0.80; mean difference, Ϫ2.7Ϯ6.4 mL/beat). Conclusions-The real-time 3D system provided good estimation of strictly quantified reference RV stroke volumes, suggesting an important application of this new 3D method. (Circulation. 1998;97:1897-1900.) Key Words: imaging Ⅲ echocardiography Ⅲ ventricles C ompared with studies of the left ventricle, determining RV volume and function has proved to be challenging for 2D echo methods because of the unique, eccentric, and complicated morphology of the chamber. 1-8 3D techniques do not require any assumption about chamber geometry and thus would seem ideal for estimating RV volumes. 7,8 Previous ultrasonic 3D studies of RV volume determinations, however, have required cumbersome acquisition and reconstruction techniques, which have limited their clinical applicability. 7,8 Recently, a new 3D volume scanning technique has been introduced that requires neither cumbersome acquisition nor gating for ECG and respiration because the 3D imaging is real time. 9,10 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capability of this new real-time 3D ultrasound imaging technique for estimating RV stroke volume in an animal model in which results could be compared with strictly quantified, simultaneously obtained RV stroke volumes determined with an EM flow probes and flow meters.
Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2007
For quantification of the left ventricular volume from 3-dimensional echocardiograms a number of cross-sectional images are used. The goal of this study was to determine the minimum number of long-axis images necessary for accurate quantification of the left ventricular volume. A strong correlation was observed between volumes obtained from magnetic resonance imaging and 3-dimensional echocardiography using 16 equiangular images (r = 0.99; y = 0.95x + 3.3 mL; standard error of the estimate = 7.0 mL; N = 30). Comparison of these results with random subsets showed a significant difference for volumes obtained with 4 and 2 equiangular images (P < .005). However, when the subsets were selected to target the eccentric region of the endocardial border this was only the case for subsets of two images (P < .001). This study demonstrates that accurate left ventricular volume quantification can be performed with as little as 8 equiangular long-axis images. By selecting the correctly oriented image set, this number can even be brought down to 4, which will further reduce the analysis time.