Pyrolysis and copyrolysis of three lignocellulosic biomass residues from the agro-food industry: A comparative study (original) (raw)
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Fuel Properties and Chemical Compositions of Bio-oils from Biomass Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis of biomass is a promising alternative route for producing energy and chemical feedstock. This research proposes to investigate effect of pyrolysis temperature on product yields and the determination of their physicochemical properties. Slow pyrolysis of biomass (cassava pulp residue, palm shell and palm kernel) was performed in a fixed bed reactor. Palm kernel pyrolysis provided the highest liquid yield (54.34 wt%) at 700°C. Fuel properties of bio-oils are viscosity at 40°C, 1.46-58.72 cSt (mm 2 /s); pH, 2.8-5.6 and heating value, 14.92-40.00 MJ/kg. The boiling range distribution of dewatered palm kernel oil was closest to that of diesel oil while its heating value approached that of fuel oil.
Bioresource technology, 2017
Pyrolysis studies on conventional biomass were carried out in fixed bed reactor at different temperatures 300, 350, 400 and 450°C. Agricultural residues such as corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw and rice husk showed that the optimum temperatures for these residues are 450, 400, 400 and 450°C respectively. The maximum bio-oil yield in case of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw and rice husk are 47.3, 36.7, 28.4 and 38.1wt% respectively. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and biomass type on the yield and composition of pyrolysis products were investigated. All bio-oils contents were mainly composed of oxygenated hydrocarbons. The higher area percentages of phenolic compounds were observed in the corn cob bio-oil than other bio-oils. From FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectra showed a high percentage of aliphatic functional groups for all bio-oils and distribution of products is different due to differences in the composition of agricultural biomass.
Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Fast pyrolysis of the flax seed residue was carried out in a semi-batch reactor with an aim to study the product distribution and to identify optimum temperature condition for maximizing the bio-oil yield. The effect of temperature on product distribution, elemental composition, and physical properties of major products of pyrolysis such as bio oil and bio char was investigated. The maximum condensable fraction yield was found to be 50.66 wt% at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 C, out of which the amount of bio-oil excluding the aqueous layer was 31 wt.%. The chemical composition of bio-oil obtained at optimum condition is analyzed using CHNS analyzer, FTIR and GC-MS. Fuel properties are also determined using IS methods. The bio oil was found to have higher calorific value than the feedstock. Again, it was found slightly basic in nature owing to the presence of higher concentration of basic components than acidic components. The char was characterized for elemental composition, heating value and surface area.
Bio-oil is a major product of biomass pyrolysis that could potentially be used in motor engines, boilers, furnaces and turbines for heat and power. Upon catalytic upgrading, bio-oils can be used as transportation fuels due to enhancement of their fuel properties. In this study, bio-oils produced from lignocellulosic biomasses such as wheat straw, timothy grass and pinewood were estimated through slow and high heating rate pyrolysis at 450 °C. The slow heating rate (2 °C/min) pyrolysis resulted in low bio-oil yields and high amount of biochars, whereas the high heating rate (450 °C/min) pyrolysis produced significant amount of bio-oils with reduced biochar yields. The physico-chemical and compositional analyses of bio-oils were achieved through carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur (CHNS) studies, calorific value, Fourier transform-infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The yields of bio-oils produced from the three biomasses were 40-48 wt.% through high heating rate pyrolysis and 18-24 wt.% through slow heating rate pyrolysis. The chemical components identified in bio-oils were classified into five major groups such as organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and phenols. The percent intensities of hydrogen and carbon containing species were calculated from 1 H and 13 C-NMR. The study on bio-oils from herbaceous and woody biomasses revealed their potentials for fossil fuel substitution and bio-chemical production.
The pyrolysis of non-feed and milk weed biomass Calotropis procera stem (Erruku plant) was studied to determine the main characteristics and quantities of liquid and solid products. Experiments were carried out in a semi batch fixed bed reactor at a heating rate of 5 • C/min, with specified pyrolysis temperatures of 450, 500, 550 and 600 ° C and inert gas flow rates of 20 ml/min. The maximum pyrolytic liquid and char yields were 39.04% (550 • C) and 46.2% (450 • C) respectively. The TG-DTG analyses were performed on the raw material to investigate the thermal degradation of Calotropis procera stem. The elemental analysis and heating value of the bio-oils were determined, and then the chemical composition of the bio-oil was investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques such as column chromatography and FTIR. In addition, the char was characterized by elemental and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. From the experimental results the liquid products bio-oil) can be used as liquid fuels and the solid product (bio-char) has a high calorific value of 27.68 MJ/kg seems to be suitable for active carbon.
BIO-CHAR AND BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM PYROLYSIS OF PALM KERNEL SHELL AND POLYETHYLENE
International Journal of Conservation Science, 2023
In recent years, palm kernel shell (PKS) has become a viable feedstock for making biofuels and value-added commodities using a variety of thermal conversion routes. Therefore, significant conservation is required for PKS as a resource for fuel production in biofuel facilities. Thus, this research was intended to elucidate the effects on PKS as a solid fuel through torrefaction and the production of bio-char and bio-oil by single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and polyethylene (PE). The PKS was treated through torrefaction at different temperatures and holding times. The optimum parameters for torrefaction were a temperature of 250 o C and a holding time of 60 min. Then the PKS and PE were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures and ratios. The product yield was analysed for single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE for pyrolysis. The properties of the product composition for single and co-pyrolysis of the PKS and PE were determined by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum parameter obtained for biochar and bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE was at temperature of 500 o C at a ratio of 1:2 (PKS: PE). The ester and phenol compounds were increased around 19.02 to 23.18% and 32.51 to 34.80 %, respectively, while amide and amine decreased around 4.94 to 18.87% and 0.63 to 32.39 %, respectively, compared to the single pyrolysis of PKS. Therefore, the PKS and PE co-pyrolysis significantly increased the amount of phenol and ester compounds while slightly reducing the amount of amide and amine compounds in the bio-oil product. As a conclusion, biomass conservation enables the manufacturing of value-added chemicals.
Energies
This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative attributes of liquid product and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of woody biomass (rubberwood sawdust (RWS)) and non-woody biomasses (oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm fronds (OPF)). The prepared biomass was pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C by using an agitated bed pyrolysis reactor, and then the yields and characteristics of liquid product and biochar were determined. The results showed that liquid product and biochar yields were in the respective ranges of 35.94–54.40% and 23.46–25.98% (wt.). Pyrolysis of RWS at 550 °C provided the highest liquid yield. The energy content of the water free liquid product was in the range 12.19–22.32 MJ/kg. The liquid product had a low pH and it mainly contained phenol groups as indicated by GC-MS. The biochars had high carbon contents (75.07–82.02%), while their oxygen contents were low (14.22–22%). The higher heating value (HHV) of biochar was in the range 26.42–29.33...
Intermediate pyrolysis of wheat straw and softwood pellets
2021
Rapid population growth and booming urbanization play an active role in world fuel demand. Today, primary fuel resources like coal and petroleum fulfill most of the energy supply and are the leading contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biomass-based fuel technology can play a crucial role in reducing GHG emissions, because, as a renewable source, biomass can be converted into solid and liquid biofuels and these are nearly carbon neutral over its life cycle. Thermo-catalytic reforming (TCR ©) is a thermo-chemical conversion process by which biomass can be converted into valorized products like bio-oil, biochar, and syngas and is based on intermediate pyrolysis. Conventionally, biomass is converted into bio-oil via various other thermochemical processes such as fast pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal processing and combustion; integrating intermediate pyrolysis and the post-reforming reaction are novel features of the TCR © process. A 2 kg/h lab scale unit (TCR-2) was used for the thermo-catalytic reforming for different feedstocks to convert organic material into valorized products like bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. In the first part of this study, the thermo-catalytic reforming performance of wheat straw pellets was explored. The experiments were carried out in a reactor temperature range of 400 to 550 ℃ and a reformer temperature range of 500 to 700 ℃. Bio-oil yield decreased with an increase in reactor or reformer temperature. The highest yield of bio-oil (8.43 wt.%) was obtained at 400 and 500 ℃ reactor and reformer temperatures. The lowest yield was obtained at 450 and 700 ℃ reactor and reformer temperatures, respectively. The bio-oil produced has a very low TAN (7.3 mg KOH/g) and low viscosity (3.9 mPas) at 550 and 700 ℃ reactor-reformer temperatures. At a high temperature, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) increase, showing the better quality of the bio-oil at a higher temperature. The maximum higher Preface This thesis is an original work by Bijay Dhakal under the supervision of Professor Amit Kumar.
Bio-oil Product from Non-catalytic and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Rice Straw
The Australian journal of science
The study of catalytic pyrolysis on rice straw was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The objectives were to determine the effect of catalyst on the distribution of product yield and bio-oil characterization. The non-catalytic and catalytic process of rice straw was performed at the optimum conditions with zeolite ZSM-5 and dolomite catalyst. The highest bio-oil yield from the catalytic pyrolysis was 26.3% with zeolite ZSM-5, while the yield of bio-oil from non-catalytic pyrolysis was 27.6%. Elemental composition and spectroscopic methods were applied for the characterization of bio-oil. The chemical characterization studies of uncatalysed bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of rice straw reflect a considerable amount of carbonyl and oxygenated compound, resulting in higher oxygen content in elemental composition. In the presence of the catalyst, the yield of bio-oil was markedly reduced and so was the oxygen content of the bio-oil itself. The product yields and quality of the resultant...