Evidence of total suspended solids control by Mugil liza reared in an integrated system with pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using biofloc technology (original) (raw)
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Aquaculture, 2010
In minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems, the flocculated (biofloc) particles that accumulate may provide benefits for cultured shrimp; however, excessive particle accumulation can hinder shrimp performance. Also, the shrimp aquaculture industry is reliant on marine fish-based feeds. Using these products can lead to exploitation of marine resources, the introduction of contaminants to cultured shrimp, and unstable production costs. This study examined the use of simple, side-stream settling chambers as a means of controlling the abundance of particles in the water column and demonstrated the effects on water quality and shrimp production. The study also compared water quality and shrimp production parameters between a commercial, fish-based diet and a diet formulated almost entirely from vegetarian components, with expelled soybean meal as its principle protein source. The fish-based diet and the plant-based diet each contained 35.7% and 36.4% crude protein and 11.0% and 10.8% total lipid, respectively. The experiment was conducted in 3.35 m diameter, outdoor tanks, shrimp were stocked at 460 m − 3 and grown for 12 weeks. By the end of the experiment, settling chambers had removed 59% of suspended solids, decreased turbidity by 57%, reduced nitrate-nitrogen concentration by 60%, reduced phosphate concentration by 61%, and caused a 33% increase in alkalinity, all highly significant effects. Settling chambers also contributed to significantly improved shrimp feed conversion ratio, biomass, growth rate, and final weight (P = 0.002, 0.006, b 0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Final shrimp biomass (kg m − 3) was 41% greater in treatments with solids management than those without. Shrimp survival was not statistically different with or without settling chambers. Water quality parameters were not statistically different between the two diet types, except phosphate concentration which, by the end of the experiment, was 34% lower in the tanks receiving the plant-based diet. Shrimp production parameters were not statistically different between the two diets. The study showed that controlling the concentration of particles in superintensive shrimp culture systems can significantly improve water quality and shrimp production. Also, an environmentally friendly and potentially economical plant-based diet can produce results comparable to a fish-based feed in superintensive shrimp culture systems.
Aquaculture, 2019
Shrimp polyculture has not been common practice because it is mostly limited to extensive aquaculture systems. A combination of shrimp-fish polyculture and biofloc technology may have the potential to substitute low intensive shrimp polyculture systems. An indoor trial was conducted to investigate whether a biofloc-based coculture of Litopenaeus vannamei and Mugil cephalus generates synergistic effects at the level of water quality, animal production, and nutrient budgets relative to co-culture and/or biofloc based monoculture. Shrimp (0.50 ± 0.16 g) were randomly distributed in 12 fiberglass tanks (5 m 3) at a density of 80 shrimp.m-3. Six tanks were operated as shrimp monoculture either without biofloc (M-only) or with bioflocs (M-biofloc). The other six tanks were operated as polyculture (Mugil cephalus size of 1.51 ± 0.02 g added at 10% stocking density of the shrimp biomass) either without biofloc (P-only) or with biofloc (P-biofloc). The results showed that water quality parameters, such as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, phosphate were significantly lower in Mbiofloc and P-biofloc than in other treatments (p < 0.001). There were synergistic effects (reduction) at the level of N waste output but not for P waste output by applying polyculture in combination with biofloc technology. Total animal production was significantly higher in P-only and P-biofloc (4252 and 4425 g.tank-1 , respectively) relative to the respective monocultures. These polyculture treatments were also lower in feed conversion ratio (1.18 and 1.07, respectively) than in M-only and M-biofloc. Yet no synergistic effects were noticed by combining polyculture with bioflocs. The data seems to indicate that mullet is not an efficient biofloc consumer. Analysis of DGGE bacterial profile illustrated a dynamic microbial community structure in the water column and considerable difference in microbial community structures among treatments. It is concluded that the combination of shrimp-fish polyculture and biofloc has additive effects at the level of animal production and synergistic effects at the level of some water quality parameters.
Frontiers in Marine Science
Shrimp production in biofloc systems generates excess organic matter that must be removed from the system. Due to its ability to consume natural productivity, the integration of tilapia in shrimp culture could help to reduce the levels of total suspended solids in the biofloc system. The present study aimed to evaluate two stocking densities of tilapia in an integrated culture with shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a pilot-scale biofloc system. Two stocking densities of tilapia were tested, 35 and 65 fish m-3 in a recirculating system with 10 m3 tanks for shrimp culture and 4 m3 for tilapia culture with water recirculation of 965.66 ± 92.83 L h-1 during 78 days. The initial weight of shrimp was 0.9±0.1 g and of tilapia was 7.1±3.2 g. Shrimps were fed according to the feeding table and fish were underfed to stimulate bioflocs consumption. Selected water quality parameters were monitored during the trial. Tilapia densities did not affect shrimp growth (11.5±1.9 g and 10.1±0.7 g fo...
2017
Due to the characteristics of zero water exchange, small space, decreased level of protein and lower costs than other available technologies for intensive and hyper-intensive cultivation, in recent years investigations of the effect of the biofloc technology (BFT) on the zootechnical parameters of white shrimp ( L. vannamei ) and water quality parameters have increased. The aim of this review was to analyze the response of physical, chemical and biological parameters on water quality in the systems that involve BFT and shrimp culture. Results showed that within systems to improve water quality, plastic materials have been tested to increase the surface area, sedimentation tanks to reduce total suspended solids (TSS) and to enhance denitrification technology ex-situ to remove solids and nitrates of aquaculture effluents, multi-trophic systems to reduce nitrites and ammonium system, and co-cultures with macroalgae to reduce most nutrients and Vibrio density, among others. Overall, it ...
The Reuse of Water on the Culture of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , in BFT System
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2014
The use of the same water over multiple culture cycles in a biofloc technology system can be highly beneficial. This study evaluated the effect of different levels of biofloc-rich water on selected water quality indicators and on the productive performance of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , juveniles (3.5 g) stocked at 312 juveniles/m 3 and cultured under conditions of no water exchange. The study was performed over a 30-d period in an 800-L tank system. A total of four biofloc enrichment levels (25, 50, 75, and 100%) and control (0%) were tested with three replicates each. Significant differences in nitrogen compounds were found between the biofloc-enriched water and the zero-enrichment treatment. No statistically significant differences among the biofloc-enriched treatments were found in survival, final weight (8.25 g), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.08). The shrimp raised in clear seawater (i.e., a 0% biofloc enrichment) were significantly smaller (7.37 g vs. 8.25 g) and showed a higher FCR (1.52 vs. 1.08) than the shrimp cultured in the biofloc-rich water. Nevertheless, no differences in yields were found between treatments. The results of this study suggest that culture in biofloc-enriched water produces higher levels of water quality and shrimp performance than culture in natural seawater.
Shrimp rearing in biofloc integrated with different mullet stocking densities
Aquaculture Research, 2020
Biofloc technology (BFT) can increase productivity by up to 0.2% of the water amount used per kilogram of shrimp produced in a traditional rearing system (Hopkins et al., 2006; Otoshi, Naguwa, Falesch, & Moss, 2007). This system is based on the formation of microbial aggregates composed of organic matter, phytoplankton, bacteria, rotifers, copepods, and both ciliated and flagellated protozoa (Ray, Seaborn, et al., 2010). These bioflocs help to maintain the nitrogen compounds at levels that would otherwise be toxic to the culture organisms (Avnimelech, 2012). In addition, they can be a source of food for other reared species (Emerenciano, Gaxiola, & Cuzon, 2013). Shrimp recover, on average, 28.5 ± 7.9% of nitrogen (Avnimelech, 2012) and 13.2 ± 4.9% of phosphorus provided by the feed (Avnimelech, 2012; Crab, Avnimelech, Defoirdt, Bossier, & Verstraete, 2007), and the remainder goes to the water as diluted inorganic compounds or as organic matter. An integrated shrimp and mullet biofloc system can increase phosphorus recovery by 6.7% (Legarda et al., 2019). Therefore, by increasing mullet density, we could increase both nitrogen retention and phosphorus retention, as Poli, Legarda, Lorenzo, Martins, and Nascimento Vieira (2019) did when increasing tilapia density in an integrated biofloc shrimp culture. They found that this resulted in an increase in nitrogen retention and phosphorus retention up to 27.9% and 223% respectively. The marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is currently cultivated in high-density biofloc systems. Within this system, the total
Aquaculture Research, 2016
Biofloc systems rely on microbial processes in the water column to recycle animal waste products, reducing the need for water exchange. These increases biofloc concentration in the water and some form of removal is needed. An experiment was carried out to evaluate two management practices to control biofloc in Litopenaeus vannamei culture. Six tanks (48 m 3) were divided into two treatments: water exchange and solid settler. Shrimp were stocked at 164 shrimp m À2 and with 0.67 g of weight. After 61 days, shrimp under solid settler treatment demonstrated mean weight of 12.7 AE 0.5 g with survival of 73.8 AE 1.4%, and those under water exchange had a final weight of 10.1 AE 0.2 g and survival rate of 57.8 AE 11.1%. Total suspended solids did not differ between the treatments: 326.8 AE 24.9 mg L À1 for water exchange and 310.9 AE 25.3 mg L À1 for solid settlers. Settleable solids and productivity/respiration ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in water exchange treatment, indicating differences in physical and biological characteristics of bioflocs. Solids removal method influenced the water use, in which 1150 AE 249 L of water was necessary to produce one kilogram of shrimp using water exchange strategy, and 631 AE 25 L kg À1 with the use of settlers. Our results indicate that continuous operation of settlers can reduce variability in solids characteristics and water quality variables such as ammonia. Both strategies are efficient in controlling biofloc concentrations of the water; however, settlers can reduce water use and improve shrimp production.
Aquacultural Engineering, 2016
Bacterial inorganic nitrogen control using carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) manipulation is a tool for aquaculture systems. The present study assessed the hatchery performance of Litopenaeus vannamei between the mysis 1 and postlarvae 5 stages in a zero-exchange biofloc system under different C:N fertilization levels (10:1, 12.5:1 and 15:1) with dextrose. Water quality, performance parameters and water microbiology were compared among treatments. The mean values of the evaluated water quality parameters were appropriate for this production stage. Fertilization with dextrose efficiently controlled ammonia levels, which did not reach the average concentrations considered toxic for the species. In the 10:1 C:N ratio treatment, the levels of ammonia started to increase early and showed significantly higher levels from the third to the last experimental day. There was no difference among groups in means of survival (>76%) and dry weight (0.26 mg) of L. vannamei production parameters and water quality were maintained without water exchange using a biofloc system supplemented with dextrose. Therefore, the use of biofloc systems without water exchange with dextrose as a carbon source in C:N ratios of 10:1, 12.5:1 and 15:1 results in both adequate production indexes and water quality during the misis 1 to post-larvae 5 hatchery phases of L. vannamei. However, the ratios of 12.5:1 and 15:1 keep lower levels of ammonia.
Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 2024
The microbial modification method known as Biofloc Technology (BFT) has been used regularly in prawn culture operations lately. The primary component of BFT culture systems, microbial Biofloc, is responsible for improving water quality, supplementing natural nutrition, and encouraging the growth and welfare of grown prawns. An attempt has been made to investigate the effects of adding probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and the Biofloc system on water quality parameters and the performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon. Various external carbon sources, such as molasses and tapioca flour combinations,
Aquaculture Research, 2015
In a Biofloc Technology System (BFT), there is constant biofloc formation and suspended solids accumulation, leading to effects on water quality parameters that may affect the growth performance of cultured shrimp. This study aimed to analyse during biofloc formation the effect of different total suspended solids (TSS) levels on water quality and the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in a BFT system. A 42-day trial was conducted with treatments of three ranges of TSS: 100-300 mg L À1 as low (TL), 300-600 as medium (TM) and 600-1000 as high (TH). The initial concentrations of 100 (TL), 300 (TM) and 600 mg L À1 (TH) were achieved by fertilization before starting the experiment. Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles with an average weight of 4.54 AE 1.19 g were stocked at a density of 372 shrimp m À3 . Physical and chemical water parameters and shrimp growth performance were analysed. After 6 weeks, TSS mean concentrations were 306.37, 532.43 and 745.2 mg L À1 for, respectively, TL, TM and TH treatments. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in TSS, settleable solids, pH, alkalinity and nitrite, especially between the TL and TH treatments. Similarly, differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the growth performance parameters, specifically final weight, survival, feed conversion and productivity. The water quality parameters at lower range of total suspended solids concentration (TL) treatment resulted in a better performance of L. vannamei in the BFT system. The maintenance at range of 100-300 mg L À1 TSS is thus important to the success of shrimp culture.