An overview of the development of composites containing Mg and Zn for drug delivery (original) (raw)
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Zinc-Based Biomaterials for Regeneration and Therapy
Trends in Biotechnology, 2018
Zinc has been described as the 'calcium of the twenty-first century'. Zinc-based degradable biomaterials have recently emerged thanks to their intrinsic physiological relevance, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and pro-regeneration properties. Zinc-based biomaterials mainly include: metallic zinc alloys, zinc ceramic nanomaterials, and zinc metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metallic zinc implants degrade at a desirable rate, matching the healing pace of local tissues, and stimulating remodeling and formation of new tissues. Zinc ceramic nanomaterials are also beneficial for tissue engineering and therapy thanks to their nanostructures and antibacterial properties. MOFs have large surface areas and are easily functionalized, making them ideal for drug delivery and cancer therapy. This review highlights recent developments in zinc-based biomaterials, discusses obstacles to overcome, and pinpoints directions for future research. Metallic Biomaterials for Regeneration and Therapy Conventional metallic biomaterials, including titanium alloys, stainless steels, and cobaltchromium alloys, have been widely used clinically for load bearing hard tissue reconstruction and regeneration. They have superior mechanical properties, machinability, and durability, but are considered nondegradable, and long-term clinical complications may occur, necessitating a second removal surgery [1]. To overcome such drawbacks, novel biodegradable metals (see Glossary) have been developed to degrade gradually in vivo while promoting complete healing of local tissues. Thus, the subsequent removal surgery is avoided [2]. The three main biodegradable metals are: magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe). Mg materials generally degrade too quickly (within 1-4 months), and are accompanied by harmful hydrogen gas evolution. Fe materials typically degrade too slowly (over 2-3 years), and the degradation products are retained in tissues for a long time. Zn materials have degradation rates between those of Mg and Fe, and their degradation products are fully bioresorbable without hydrogen gas evolution [3]. Ionic Zn has also been described as 'the calcium of the twenty-first century' because of the increasing awareness of its significant functional roles in physiological and biological systems [4]. Therefore, Zn is a better choice for biodegradable metallic materials than Mg and Fe, with a better in vivo biodegradation rate and biocompatibility for tissue regeneration and therapy (Figure 1, Key Figure). Zn-based ceramic nanomaterials have been extensively applied in the emerging field of theranostics, including drug delivery, tissue targeting, bioimaging, and cancer therapy [5-7] (Figure 1). They have unique physical and chemical properties, such as large surface/volume Highlights Zn-based biomaterials have promising applications in tissue regeneration, theranostics, and treatments. Zn-based biomaterials have desirable biological features for regeneration and therapy, including biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Zn-based biodegradable metals have good degradation rates and biocompatibility, and their mechanical strength and ductility can be enhanced through alloying, thus making them promising for cardiovascular and orthopedic applications. Zn-based ceramic biomaterials are being developed as synergistic nanocomposite platforms capable of combined cancer targeting, bioimaging, and responsive drug delivery. Strategies for controlled release of degradation products from biodegradable Zn-based biomaterials are necessary to ensure their biosafety when optimizing their therapeutic and treatment effects.
Mg/Zn COMPOSITES PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING AND HOT PRESSING AND IN-VITRO BIODEGRADATION
2019
Biodegradable implants have many advantages over conventional steel and titanium based implants. Most important one of these advantages is the ability of these implants to degrade within a desired span of time (compatible with tissue and bone growth) after their function is over, without giving any harm to the body. The aim of this study is to develop a magnesium based biodegradable implant to be used as a bone plate. Mechanical and physical properties of Mg alloys that should possess for these applications are almost completely established, whereas the applicability still has to be investigated. In this study, Mg/MgZn/Zn composites were produced by mechanical alloying and hot pressing. Biodegradability of Mg/MgZn/Zn composites was tested as in-vitro in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. SBF is nearly equal to human body blood plasma with ion concentrations. Seven implants were produced. They were placed in SBF solution and then their corrosion resistances were followed. During th...
Zn-Mg Biodegradable Composite: Novel Material with Tailored Mechanical and Corrosion Properties
Materials, 2019
Zinc-based alloys represent one of the most highly developed areas regarding biodegradable materials. Despite this, some general deficiencies such as cytotoxicity and poor mechanical properties (especially elongation), are not properly solved. In this work, a Zn-5Mg (5 wt.% Mg) composite material with tailored mechanical and superior corrosion properties is prepared by powder metallurgy techniques. Pure Zn and Mg are mixed and subsequently compacted by extrusion at 200 °C and an extrusion ratio of 10. The final product possesses appropriate mechanical properties (tensile yield strength = 148 MPa, ultimate tensile strength = 183 MPa, and elongation = 16%) and decreased by four times the release of Zn in the initial stage of degradation compared to pure Zn, which can highly decrease cytotoxicity effects and therefore positively affect the initial stage of the healing process.
International Journal of Research, 2015
Due to good biocompatibility, corrosion and mechanical properties, magnesium (Mg) is considered promising degradable material for orthopedic applications. In this work, Mg-MgZnx (x= 1, 2, 3 and 4) nanocomposites scaffolds with different porosities were synthesized via powder metallurgy method. The microstructure, composition, in vitro corrosion and mechanical properties of porous magnesium-zinc nanocomposite scaffolds were investigated. The XRD results indicated the formed nano particles consist of MgZn and MgZn2 intermetallics. The SEM micrographs proved that Mg-Zn intermetallics nano particles with round morphology and size of 20–50 nm are homogenously dispersed in the Mg matrix. The results showed that the addition of Zn element increases the tensile strength and Young , s modulus. Also, Mg-MgZn and Mg-MgZn2 nanocomposites scaffolds synthesized improved the in vitro anti-corrosion property of the Mg. The best unti-corrosion property is obtained with 3% Zn and further increase of ...
Effect of Zn and porosity on the biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn Scaffolds
Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing, 2018
In the present research porous Mg-Zn scaffolds with different Zn amount and porosities were synthesized by powder metallurgy process as potential degradable materials for orthopedic applications. The microstructures, composition, mechanical properties and in vitro biodegradability of the scaffolds were investigated. Optic microscopy (OM) images showed that the Mg-Zn scaffolds exhibit homogeneously distributed and interconnected pores with the size of about 150-400 µm. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results indicated the formed intermetallics consist of Mg12Zn13 and Mg51Zn20 in the Mg matrix. Compressive tests showed that decrease of porosity and the addition of Zn increases the compressive strength of specimens. Electrochemical tests indicated that with increase of porosity, the corrosion current density of scaffolds increased and Mg-Zn scaffolds synthesized improved the in vitro biodegradability property of the Mg; the best biodegradability property was obtained with 3% Zn and the porosity of about 7% ; further increase of Zn content up 4% deteriorates biodegradability. It is found that the products of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) are identified to be HAP, (Ca,Mg)3(PO4)2 and Mg(OH)2 and MG63 cells adhere and proliferate on the surface of the scaffolds, making them a promising choice for orthopedic application.
In vitro degradation, haemolysis and cytotoxicity study of Mg‐0.4Ce/ZnO 2 nanocomposites
IET Nanobiotechnology, 2021
Magnesium is an ideal candidate for biodegradable implants, but the major concern is its uncontrollable degradation for application as a biomaterial. The in vitro corrosion and cytotoxicity of Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 (magnesium nanocomposites) were studied to determine its suitability as a biodegradable material. The polycrystalline nature of Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 was assessed using an optical microscope. The hydrophobic nature of Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 was determined by contact angle measurements. The corrosion resistance of magnesium nanocomposites was tested in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and it was improved by the gradual deposition of a protective layer on its surface after 48 h. The cytotoxicity of Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and calcium deposition by Alizarin red staining using sarcoma osteogenic (Saos2) cells. The haemocompatibility test of Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 showed 30% haemolysis, which is higher than the safe value for biomaterials, and cell viability was reduced after 24 h in comparison with control groups. The calcium deposition by sarcoma osteogenic cells showed a brick red colour deposition in both the control group and Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 after 24 h. The preliminary degradation results of Mg-0.4Ce/ZnO 2 showed good corrosion resistance; however further improvement is needed in haemolysis and cytotoxicity studies for its use as a biodegradable material for orthopaedic applications. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Mg-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications
2021
Magnesium (Mg) is a promising material for producing temporary orthopedic implants, since it is a biodegradable and biocompatible metal which density is very similar to that of the bones. Another benefit is the small strength mismatch when compared to other biocompatible metals, what alleviates stress-shielding effects between bone and the implant. To take advantage of the best materials properties, it is possible to combine magnesium with bioactive ceramics and tailor composites for medical applications with improved biocompatibility, controllable degradation rates and the necessary mechanical properties. To properly insert bioactive reinforcement into the metallic matrix, the fabrication of these composites usually involves at least one high temperature step, as casting or sintering. Yet, recent papers report the development of Mg-based composites at room temperature using severe plastic deformation. This chapter goes through the available data over the development of Mg-composite...
Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials, and Tissue Engineering, 2013
Previous studies have shown that using biodegradable magnesium alloys such as Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn-Al possess the appropriate mechanical properties and biocompatibility to serve in a multitude of biological applications ranging from endovascular to orthopaedic and fixation devices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of novel as-cast magnesium alloys Mg-1Zn-1Cu wt.% and Mg-1Zn-1Se wt.% as potential implantable biomedical materials, and compare their biologically effective properties to a binary Mg-Zn alloy. The cytotoxicity of these experimental alloys was evaluated using a tetrazolium based-MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay and a lactate dehydrogenase membrane integrity assay (LDH). The MTS assay was performed on extract solutions obtained from a 30-day period of alloy immersion and agitation in simulated body fluid to evaluate the major degradation products eluted from the alloy materials. H...
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020
This study deals with magnesium-based materials, considered as potential biodegradable implants that degrade within the body after curing the wound and restoring the bone tissue. Magnesium based materials need favorable mechanical and corrosion properties to be implanted inside the human body. Magnesium despite having good mechanical properties if immersed in a corrosive environment would tend to lose its mechanical integrity. The role of cerium oxide (CeO 2) nanoparticles and zinc (Zn) an alloying element in improving the mechanical and corrosive properties of the base material will be studied to find its scope in orthopedic applications. The aim of the current work is to synthesize Mg/CeO 2 and Mg-Zn/CeO 2 nanocomposites by powder metallurgy method. Significant grain refinement and increase in hardness is noticed for both the nanocomposites due to the fair distribution of cerium nanoparticles. The room temperature compressive yield strength and ultimate compressive strength for Mg/CeO 2 and Mg-Zn/CeO 2 nanocomposites were higher than pure Mg. The addition of 1.0 vol% of CeO 2 to pure Mg and Mg-0.5 vol% of Zn system showed controlled degradation rate in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days respectively.
International Journal of Biomaterials, 2016
Glass-ceramic scaffolds containing Mg have shown recently the potential to enhance the proliferation, differentiation, and biomineralization of stem cells in vitro, property that makes them promising candidates for dental tissue regeneration. An additional property of a scaffold aimed at dental tissue regeneration is to protect the regeneration process against oral bacteria penetration. In this respect, novel bioactive scaffolds containing Mg2+and Cu2+or Zn2+, ions known for their antimicrobial properties, were synthesized by the foam replica technique and tested regarding their bioactive response in SBF, mechanical properties, degradation, and porosity. Finally their ability to support the attachment and long-term proliferation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) was also evaluated. The results showed that conversely to their bioactive response in SBF solution, Zn-doped scaffolds proved to respond adequately regarding their mechanical strength and to be efficient regarding their biol...