Effect of Azadirachta indica Crude Bark Extracts Concentrations against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2013
Most agents used by humans in the treatment of diseases are of plant origin. Azadirachta indica (neem) is a tree which has been found to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour properties and is also used as a pesticide. In this work, antibacterial effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of A. indica was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and Kill-time of extracts as indices. Clinical bacterial isolates such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms. For the aqueous extracts, a minimum concentration of 43.75 mg/ml was found to inhibit the growth of E. coli in nutrient broth. S. aureus was inhibited by 87.50 mg/ml and Salmonella spp by 175 mg/ml. Salmonella spp and S. aureus were killed by a minimum concentration of 175 mg/ml but at 1200 and 130 s respectively; while E. coli was killed at 87.50 mg/ml at 600 s. For methanolic extract, 43.75, 87.50 and 175 mg/ml concentrations inhibited the growth of E. coli, Salmonella spp and S. aureus respectively in nutrient broth. Both Salmonella spp and S. aureus were killed by 175 mg/ml at 600 and 60 s respectively in nutrient broth, while E. coli was killed by 250 mg/ml at 1200 s. A comparison of the effects of commonly used antibiotics and the extracts of A. indica at 1, 3 and 5 mg per disc on the bacterial isolates by disc diffusion method, showed that the extracts had similar effects on the bacteria as the fluoroquinolones. The crude extracts of A. indica were able to inhibit the growth of bacterial isolates in vitro, it therefore means that the plant has antibacterial properties. It is recommended that further work be done to identify the specific ingredient(s) responsible for the effect, purify it and standardize same as a drug against bacteria.
The present study was carried out to screen and evaluate antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extract of leaves of A. indica were tested against selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species. Phytochemical leaf extracts of A. indica exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity against all the test microorganisms. However, inhibitory activities of the leaf extracts were both organism and solvent dependent. The leaf extracts limited the growth of both Gram-positive and
Antibacterial Activities of Azadirachta Indica against Some Bacterial Pathogens
Advances in Life Sciences, 2012
The antibacterial effect of Azadirachta indica against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella ozanae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined using the agar cup plate technique. The phytochemical components of A. indica showed the presence of saponin and phlobatanin and the absence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, glycosides, flavonoids and triterpenes. The result showed that the test organisms were susceptible to 500mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 5mg/ml of the plant extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The result showed that the MIC and MBC were 5mg and 50mg respectively for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Kl. ozanae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The result of the study suggests that extracts of A. indica could be suitable for the treatment of various infections caused by P. aeruginosa, K. ozanae, S. aureus and E. coli.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica bark extract
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2019
Antimicrobial activity in bark extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) against human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial activities of chloroform and alcoholic extracts of neem bark were used. Varying concentration of each extracts 1250 mg/ml, 625 mg/ml, 312mg/ml, 156mg/ml were prepared by using disc diffusion method. When compared with cefpodoxime 500mg the chloroform and ethanol extract shows maximum inhibition on the microorganisms in ascending order.
The Antimicrobial Efficacy and Phytochemical Analysis of the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Abstract Keystone symposium , 2019
Plants have been a source of herbal remedy throughout the history of mankind. Worldwide, various medicinal plants are used to treat ailments and diseases. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is used in traditional medicine as a source of many therapeutic agents in the Chinese and African cultures. The anti-microbial efficacy of the stem back of Azadirachta indica was evaluated using its solvent extracts. The solvents used were Petroleum ether (PE), Hexane (HE), Methanol (ME), Water. Four different bacterial isolates and one fungal isolate were used in the study. The bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The fungal isolate was Candida tropicalis. Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was tested using standard Gram positive and Gram negative antibiotic sensitivity discs. Agar well diffusion technique was used in investigating the efficacy of the solvent extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica. It was observed that the Petroleum ether (PE), Ethanol (EE) and Hexane (HE) extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica were effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis at undiluted concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in this investigation was effective on Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. Klebsiella pneumonia was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin. Phytochemical analysis of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and anthraquinones.
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2017
Herbal medications have been used for relief of symptoms of disease. Regardless of the great advances observed in current medicine in recent decades, plants still make a significant contribution to health care. An alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents demands that a renewed effort be made to seek antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria resistant to or less sensitive to current antibiotics. Anti-bacterial activity of Azadirachta indica stem bark was tested against pathogenic Salmonella paratyphi and Salmonella typhi using various solvent extracts. The in vitro anti-bacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method and the results were expressed as the average diameter of zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the well. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed better anti-bacterial activity with zone of inhibition (20-25 mm) when compared with other tested extracts and standard antibiotic Erythromycin (15 mcg) with zone of inhibition (13-14 mm). Using Fisher's exact test of significance difference was found between two Salmonella strains sensitivity patterns against tested extracts (P 6 0.035). Extracts of A. indica stem bark also exhibited significant antioxidant activity, thus establishing the extracts as an antioxidant. The results obtained in this study give some scientific support to the A. indica stem bark for further investigation of compounds and in future could be used as drug.
Antibacterial activity of A. indica, 2024
Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), a family of Mahogany trees, is native to the Indian subcontinent. A. indica, known as neem, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its various medicinal properties, including antibacterial activity. This study analysed the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of A. indica against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). This study was conducted between August 2023 and October 2023. Extraction of the active ingredients from A. indica leaves was done using the aqueous and ethanolic solvents. Various concentrations of both extracts of A. indica were tested for antibacterial activity against E. faecalis using the disc diffusion method and sensitivity was measured using the zones of inhibition. This study found the presence of phytochemicals including phenolics and tannins in both extracts. Further, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were only found in the aqueous extract. Furthermore, steroids were found in the ethanolic extract only. Intriguingly, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts produced activity against E. faecalis with a minimum inhibitory concentration for both tbeing 20 mg/mL. The zones of inhibition increased with an increase in extract concentration, and the largest observed was 9.6 mm using the ethanolic extract. This study highlights the promising antimicrobial properties of both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. indica as exhibited by significant inhibitory activity against E. faecalis. These findings support the traditional use of Neem in folk medicine as an antibacterial agent and highlight its potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts
The current investigation was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) commonly known as neem against some gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas florescence) bacteria by disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies show the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, coumarins and alkaloids. Ethanol extracts (50 mg/mL) exhibited the highest activity 12, 20, mm zone of inhibition [s. aureus and E. coli], Petroleum-ether extracts (or control) exhibit the least activity.
2015
In India, the burden of infectious diseases is enormous. Though significant improvements in socioeconomic status have been done since independence, infectious diseases still contribute to 30% of disease burden in India.Many number of medicinal plants, traditionally used for over 1000 years are present in herbal preparations of Indian traditional health care systems. Azardichta indica A. Juss. And Vitex negundo Linn. are medicinal trees native to the Indian subcontinent credited with the ability to cure infection. The antibacterial efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of the two medicinal trees were studied with various pathogenic bacteria. The extracts which showed the highest activity were analysed and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. The leaf extracts of Azardichta indica exhibited maximum inhibition when compared to Vitex negundo extracts at a concentration of 100mg/ml.Thus, the leaf extracts of these medicinal trees can be effectively used for the treatment of infectious diseases.
BP International, 2024
With the increasing rate of antibiotic/multidrug resistance and the growing demand for plant-based therapies, Azadirachta indica (neem) emerges as one of the leading medicinal plants due to its wide range of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study analysed the A. indica leaf methanol extract for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar diffusion assay with methanol extracts of varying concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) initially for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Later, methanol extracts with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% were used for S. aureus and E. coli. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The results indicated the antibacterial activity of the A. indica leaf methanol extract against all three bacteria, irrespective of the concentration used. However, compared to gentamicin, the antibacterial activity of A. indica was relatively lower. These findings indicate the potential of A. indica as a plant-based antibacterial agent, offering an alternative or complementary treatment strategy to combat antibiotic/multidrug resistance. Further clinical studies/trials on the leaf extract are required to ensure its safety for human use.