Secondary immune response of rainbow trout following repeated immersion vaccination (original) (raw)
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Journal of Fish Diseases, 2021
The protective effects of autogenous and commercial ERM immersion vaccines (bacterins based on Yersinia ruckeri, serotype O1, biotypes 1 and 2) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were compared in order to evaluate whether the use of local pathogen strains for immunization can improve protection. In addition, the effect of the bacterin concentration was established for the commercial product. Following sublethal challenge of vaccinated and non‐vaccinated control fish with live bacteria, we followed the bacterial count in the fish (gills, liver and spleen). The expression of genes encoding immune factors (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, MHCI, MHCII, CD4, CD8, TCRβ, IgM, IgT, IgD, cathelicidins 1 and 2, SAA and C3) and densities of immune cells in organs were recorded. Both vaccines conferred protection as judged from the reduced bacterial load in exposed fish. Innate immune genes were upregulated in all groups following bacterial challenge but significantly more in non‐vaccinate...
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2013
Numerous outbreaks of enteric red mouth disease (ERM) caused by Yersinia ruckeri O1 biotype 2 in rainbow trout farms are currently being recorded despite established vaccination procedures against this disease. This could indicate that the currently used application of single immersion vaccination (using a commercial vaccine AquaVac ® RELERA TM ) does not provide full protection. We elucidated by a controlled duplicated experiment if different vaccine administration methods can improve level and extent of protection. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss were vaccinated by: (1) a single immersion in bacterin diluted 1:10 for 30 s (only primary vaccination); (2) two times 30 s immersion (primary immersion vaccination followed by booster immersion vaccination 1 month later); (3) a single i.p. injection (only primary vaccination); (4) immersion vaccination followed by injection booster 1 month later; (5) a single 1 h bath in bacterin diluted 1:2000; and (6) immersion (30 s, 1:10) plus booster (1 h in diluted 1:2000 vaccine) 5 months later). Injection challenge experiments were performed 3, 5 and 7 months post primary vaccination with 8.5 × 10 6 CFU/fish, 10.6 × 10 6 CFU/fish and 1 × 10 8 CFU/fish, respectively. In the first challenge trial, control fish exhibited a mortality of 76%, one time immersion vaccination had a mortality of 37%, two times immersion vaccinated fish had a 4% mortality, the one-time injection vaccinated group showed a mortality of 2% and the immersion plus injection boostered fish showed no mortality at all. When rainbow trout were challenged 5 months post primary vaccination, 26% mortality occurred in control fish, 21% in one time immersion group, 12% in two times immersion group, 5% in the one-time injection vaccinated group whereas immersion plus injection boostered fish again showed no mortality at all. When challenged 7 months post vaccination, one-time immersion vaccinated were not protected at all compared to the control group whereas injection vaccinated fish showed lower mortality (17%) compared to booster immersed fish (32% mortality) which was still better than un-vaccinated controls (44% mortality). It was noteworthy that a diluted bacterin (1:2000 for 1 h after 5 months post primary vaccination) booster showed the same effect as a booster with 1:10 bacterin dilution for 30 s applied 1 month after primary vaccination. Antibody levels showing significant elevations 28 days post challenge in vaccinated fish point to this immune parameter as a protective element. The superior and extended protection offered by booster vaccination or simply injection is noteworthy and may be applied in future vaccination strategies at farm level.
PLoS ONE, 2011
A key hallmark of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the generation of antigen-specific antibodies from B cells. Fish are the most primitive gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) possessing an adaptive immune system. Vaccination of rainbow trout against enteric redmouth disease (ERM) by immersion in Yersinia ruckeri bacterin confers a high degree of protection to the fish. The immune mechanisms responsible for protection may comprise both cellular and humoral elements but the role of specific immunoglobulins in this system has been questioned and not previously described. The present study demonstrates significant increase in plasma antibody titers following immersion vaccination and significantly reduced mortality during Y. ruckeri challenge. Rainbow trout were immersion-vaccinated, using either a commercial ERM vaccine (AquaVac TM ERM vet) or an experimental Y. ruckeri bacterin. Half of the trout vaccinated with AquaVac TM ERM vet received an oral booster (AquaVac TM ERM Oral vet). Sub-groups of the fish from each group were subsequently exposed to 1x10 9 CFU Y. ruckeri/ml either eight or twenty-six weeks post vaccination (wpv). All vaccinated groups showed 0% mortality when challenged, which was highly significant compared to the non-vaccinated controls (40 and 28% mortality eight and twentysix weeks post vaccination (wpv), respectively) (P,0.0001). Plasma samples from all groups of vaccinated fish were taken 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 26 wpv. and Y. ruckeri specific IgM antibody levels were measured with ELISA. A significant increase in titers was recorded in vaccinated fish, which also showed a reduced bacteremia during challenge. In vitro plasma studies showed a significantly increased bactericidal effect of fresh plasma from vaccinated fish indicating that plasma proteins may play a role in protection of vaccinated rainbow trout.
Aquaculture, 2015
A single immersion vaccination of rainbow trout fry using a Yersinia ruckeri bacterin confers immunity to reinfection but only for a shorter period. A longer protective period is needed in practical trout farming and we have shown that booster vaccination prolongs immunity. Due to economic considerations and management practices it is not possible to immersion vaccinate large trout (20-30 g) with the recommended high bacterin concentration. We here demonstrate that booster vaccination using dilutions of the bacterin (1:100, 1:1000 and 1:2000) with increased exposure time (1 h, 2 h) confers a higher and longer lasting immunity although a short term (30 s) booster in 1:10 bacterin proved superior. This has practical implications for fish farmers because this diluted booster vaccination over longer time can be applied when farmers handle and transport fish between ponds and farms. Therefore such a practice will not challenge farm management and economy. Increased antibody levels were recorded after challenge of vaccinated fish but not after immersion vaccination alone which suggests that immersion induces priming of memory cells.
Fish & shellfish immunology, 2017
Vaccination of rainbow trout against Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) caused by Yersinia ruckeri can be successfully performed by administering vaccine (a bacterin consisting of formalin killed bacteria) by immersion, bath or injection. Booster immunization is known to increase the protection of fish already primed by one of these vaccination methods. Oral vaccination of trout (administering vaccine in feed) is an even more convenient way of presenting antigen to the fish but the effect of an oral booster has not previously been described in detail. The present work describes to what extent protection may be enhanced by oral boostering following priming with different administration methods. The study confirms that vaccination by 30 s dip into a bacterin (diluted 1:10) may confer a significant protection compared to non-vaccinated fish. The immunity may be optimized by booster immunization either provided as dip (most effective), bath (less effective) or orally (least effective). Oral...
2016
Yersiniosis is an economically important bacterial disease affecting the aquaculture industry. Some immune response parameters and efficacy of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Yersinia ruckeri bacterin (biotype I) formulated with Montanide ISA 763 AVG adjuvant were assessed in 100 g rainbow trout during 2-12 weeks post-vaccination. Fish were immunised by IP injection with the bacterin (ca 1 × 107 cfu/fish) of a virulent strain of Y. ruckeri with or without adjuvant and kept at 14oC. Both cellular and humoral immune responses consisting of leukocyte count, lymphocyte population, lysozyme level, alternative hemolytic complement activity (ACH50) and antibody titer in fish immunised with the bacterin containing Montanide were higher than in fish immunised with the bacterin alone. However, these differences were not consistently significant between the two groups. The relative percent survival (RPS) up to 12 weeks post-immunisation reached 85-100% in fish immunised with the adjuvanted f...
Journal of Fish Diseases, 2021
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Research in Veterinary Science, 2014
In this study, Intraperitoneal (IP) and bath immersion (BI) vaccine trials were conducted in fish with a mean weight of 6.3 g. Rainbow trout vaccinated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was 50 mg/L protein concentration and challenged by IP injection with 9.8 × 10 6 cell/ml of Yersinia ruckeri at 45 days postimmunization had a relative percent survival (RPS). To obtain an effective bath immersion vaccine against yersiniosis, LPS preparation was obtained from the Y. ruckeri and with the LPS antigen. After 28 and 60 days vaccinated fish with first and second immunizations by LPS were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with 9.8 × 10 6 cell/ml of Y. ruckeri for evaluating the mortality rates and calculating the relative percentage of survival (RPS). RPS value of experimental groups, which was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of the control group.
Journal of Fish Diseases, 1982
Yersinia ruckeri, the aetiologic agent of Hagerman redmouth disease or enteric redmouth disease (ERM), was first isolated in the early 1950s by R. R. Rucker and subsequently described by Ross, Rucker & Ewing (1966). ERM has been described as being responsible for a greater financial loss to the commercial trout industry than any other disease in the intermountain west of the United States (Hester 1973). Onset of an epizootic is often gradual with the fish displaying a pathognomic syndrome characterized by a confinement of external lesions, typified by severe congestion and petechial haemorrhages, to the head. In recent years several commercial bacterins have been available for use by aquaculturists. Antipa (1976), Antipa & Amend (1977), Antipa, Gould & Amend (1980), Fryer, Amend, Harrell, Novotny, Plumb, Rohovec & Tebbit (1977) and Croy & Amend (1977) have shown that vaccination by a variety of methods with bacterins prepared with Vibrio anguillarum biotypes I and II can result in high levels of protection. This communication describes the results of experiments demonstrating the efficacy of a commercially available Yersinia ruckeri bacterin when used to vaccinate juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), by immersion-Virulent Yersinia ruckeri (type II) isolated from rainbow trout was used to prepare the bacterin. The bacterin was prepared according to an outline of production on file with the United States Department of Agriculture. It is a true concentrate prepared by molecular sieve filtration (Technical Bulletin No.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2012
Differentially extended specific protection by two commercial vaccines against Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1 biotype 2 was studied following 30s immersion exposure. Rainbow trout were challenged intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with Y. ruckeri serotype O1, biotype 2 (≈10(6) to 10(7)CFU/fish) at 4, 6 and 8 months after vaccination with vaccines containing either biotype 1 (AquaVac(®) ERM) or both biotypes 1 and 2 (AquaVac(®) RELERA™). The specific pattern of vaccine-mediated protection was evaluated by relative percentage survival (RPS) analysis at 4 and 6 months post-vaccination and by obtaining gross pathological observations at 4 and 8 months respectively. We determined specific significant and superior protection in terms of increased survivability in AquaVac(®) RELERA™ vaccinated fish and observed correspondingly fewer pathological changes. The challenge trials indicated a longer protection for at least 6 months without any booster vaccination. A specific and adaptive response induced b...